2017-18 State/Federal Special Election Results & Swings (UPDATED)

[Adam Griffin]

2017 SPECIAL ELECTIONS:
(see next post for 2018 specials)

Average congressional swing, 2017: D+15.9
Average state legislative swing, 2017: D+9.1

Congressional:
 

Type	State	Dist	Date	Runoff	'16 Mar	'16 P Mar	Special Mar	Swing (Avg)
House	CA	34	4/4/17	6/6/17	(D vs D)	D+73	D+901	D+17
House	KS	4	4/11/17		R+31	R+27	R+7	D+22
House	MT	A-L	5/25/17		R+16	R+20	R+6	D+12
House	GA	6	4/18/17	6/20/17	R+23	R+2	R+4	D+9
House	SC	5	6/20/17		R+21	R+19	R+3	D+17
House	UT	3	11/7/17		R+47	R+24	R+32	D+4
Senate	AL	A-L	12/12/17		R+28	R+28	D+2	D+30

 
State Legislative
 

Type	State	Dist	Date	Runoff	'16 Mar	'16 P Mar	Special Mar	Swing (Avg)
House	AL	79	11/29/16		N/A	R+9	No Oppo	N/A
Senate	GA	54	12/13/16	1/10/17	N/A	R+58	R+31	D+27
Senate	IA	45	12/27/17		D+644	D+16	D+48	D+8
Senate	VA	9	1/10/17		N/A	D+48	D+83	D+35
Senate	VA	22	1/10/17		N/A	R+15	R+14	D+1
House	VA	85	1/10/17		N/A	R+1	R+6	R+5
House	IA	89	1/31/17		N/A	D+11	D+45	D+34
House	VA	71	2/7/17		D+78	D+75	D+80	D+3
House	MN	32B	2/14/17		R+123	R+29	R+7	D+14
Senate	DE	10	2/14/17		R+24	D+13	D+17	D+11
Senate	CT	2	2/28/17		D+67	D+69	D+49	R+19
Senate	CT	32	2/28/17		R+36	R+18	R+10	D+17
House	CT	115	2/28/17		D+38	D+22	D+28	R+2
House	PA	197	3/21/17		N/A	D+92	D+77	R+15
House	LA	8	3/25/17	4/29/17	N/A	R+447	(R vs R)	N/A
House	LA	42	3/25/17	4/29/17	N/A	R+517	(R vs R)	N/A
House	LA	92	3/25/17	4/29/17	N/A	D+27	R+745	R+76
Senate	GA	32	4/18/17	5/16/17	N/A	R+13	R+14	R+1
House	AL	67	4/18/17		N/A	D+34	D+906	D+56
House	CT	7	4/25/17		N/A	D+83	(D vs D)	N/A
House	CT	68	4/25/17		N/A	R+33	R+56	R+23
Senate	LA	2	4/29/17	5/27/17	(D vs D)	D+237	(D vs D)	N/A
House	OK	28	5/9/17		R+34	R+50	R+2	D+40
Senate	NY	30	5/23/17		D+91	D+90	D+89	R+2
House	NY	9	5/23/17		R+23	R+37	D+16	D+46
House	AL	58	5/23/17		N/A		No Oppo	N/A
House	NH	CRL 6	5/23/17		R+14	R+7	D+4	D+15
House	NH	HLB 44	5/23/17		R+16	R+9	R+10	D+3
Senate	SC	3	5/30/17		N/A	R+48	No Oppo*	N/A
House	SC	84	5/30/17		N/A	R+34	R+21	D+13
House	TN	95	6/15/17		N/A	R+39	R+27	D+12
House	SC	48	6/20/17		N/A	R+24	R+22	D+2
House	SC	70	6/20/17		N/A	D+43	D+56	D+13
Senate	OK	44	7/11/17		R+104	R+19	D+9	D+24
House	OK	75	7/11/17		R+19	R+22	D+5	D+26
House	NH	MCK 18	7/18/17		D+12	D+21	D+56	D+39
Senate	NH	16	7/25/17		D+2	D+0	D+10	D+9
Senate	MA	MDL 4	7/25/17		N/A	D+29	D+768	D+47
House	MS	108	7/25/17		R+544	R+75	R+609	D+5
Senate	WA	45	8/1/17	11/7/17	R+54	D+37	D+92	R+72
House	IA	82	8/8/17		N/A	R+21	D+10	D+31
Senate	MO	28	8/8/17		N/A	R+52	R+40	D+12
House	MO	50	8/8/17		N/A	R+21	R+4	D+17
Senate	RI	13	8/22/17		D+104	D+36	D+20	R+3
House	OK	46	9/12/17		R+20	R+10	D+21	D+36
Senate	FL	40	9/26/17		R+10	D+18	D+4	0
House	FL	116	9/26/17		R+24	D+4	R+32	R+22
House	NH	RCK 4	9/26/17		R+40	R+23	D+2	D+33
House	SC	31	9/26/17		D+54	D+48	D+82	D+31
House	FL	44	10/10/17		N/A	D+6	R+11	R+17
House	LA	58	10/14/17		D+100	D+43	D+100	D+27
House	LA	77	10/14/17		N/A	R+58	R+100	R+21
Senate	MA	BR/NF	10/17/17		N/A	D+11	D+4	R+7
House	NH	STR 13	10/24/17		N/A	D+41	D+64	D+23
House	GA	4	11/7/17		N/A	R+30	R+72	R+42
House	GA	26	11/7/17		N/A	R+59	R+58	R+1
House	GA	42	11/7/17		D+46	D+42	N/A	N/A
House	GA	60	11/7/17		D+83	D+83	(D vs D)	N/A
House	GA	89	11/7/17		N/A	D+54	(D vs D)	N/A
House	GA	117	11/7/17		N/A	R+3	D+6	D+9
House	GA	119	11/7/17		N/A	R+7	D+14	D+21
Senate	GA	6	11/7/17		R+4	D+16	(D vs D)	N/A
Senate	GA	39	11/7/17		N/A	D+73	(D vs D)	N/A
House	ME	56	11/7/17		R+16	R+22	R+15	D+4
House	MA	BER 1	11/7/17		N/A	D+36	D+52	D+16
House	MA	ESS 3	11/7/17		N/A	D+15	D+7	R+8
House	MI	1	11/7/17		D+34	D+52	D+47	D+4
House	MI	109	11/7/17		D+28	R+4	D+15	D+3
Senate	MO	8	11/7/17		N/A	R+21	R+8	D+13
House	MO	23	11/7/17		N/A	D+81	D+79	R+2
House	MO	151	11/7/17		N/A	R+69	R+43	D+26
Senate	MS	10	11/7/17		N/A		N/A	N/A
House	MS	38	11/7/17		N/A		N/A	N/A
House	MS	54	11/7/17		N/A		N/A	N/A
Senate	NY	26	11/7/17		N/A	D+73	D+47	R+26
House	NY	27	11/7/17		N/A	D+34	No Oppo	N/A
House	NY	71	11/7/17		D+85	D+87	No Oppo	N/A
House	NH	HLB 15	11/7/17		D+8	R+10	D+1	D+2
House	NH	SUL 1	11/7/17		D+18	D+22	D+32	D+12
House	SC	113	11/7/17		N/A	D+39	D+62	D+23
Senate	WA	7	11/7/17		N/A	R+34	R+36	R+2
Senate	WA	31	11/7/17		R+60	R+9	R+15	D+20
Senate	WA	37	11/7/17		D+80	D+81	No Oppo	N/A
Senate	WA	45	11/7/17		R+6	D+37	D+10	R+6
Senate	WA	48	11/7/17		D+30	D+43	D+386	D+1
House	WA	7	11/7/17		N/A	R+34	R+35	R+1
House	WA	31	11/7/17		R+22	R+9	R+15	D+1
House	WA	48	11/7/17		D+40	D+43	D+48	D+6
Senate	OK	37	11/14/17		R+15	R+40	D+1	D+27
Senate	OK	45	11/14/17		N/A	R+40	R+14	D+26
House	OK	76	11/14/17		R+36	R+35	R+36	0
House	CA	51	12/5/17		D+73	D+74	N/A	N/A
Senate	MA	WOR/MDL	12/5/17		N/A	D+8	R+4	R+12
House	PA	133	12/5/17		D+17	D+10	D+38	D+25
Senate	IA	3	12/12/17		N/A	R+41	R+9	D+32
House	FL	58	12/19/17		R+17	D+10	R+21	R+17
Senate	MS	49	12/19/17		N/A		N/A	N/A
Senate	TN	17	12/19/17		N/A	R+48	R+3	D+45

¹ Jungle primary margin between all combined Dem and all combined GOP candidates; runoff is Dem vs. Dem
² Indicates runoff has not yet occurred; final result undetermined
³ Special was called because 2016 GOP candidate was ruled at the last-minute to be ineligible; using 2014 results for comparison
⁴ No regular election in 2016; using 2014 results for comparison
⁵ Democratic candidate on ballot but dropped out of race
⁶ Election was Dem versus independent
⁷ ED vote only; state does not record EV by precinct
⁸ Election was Dem versus Green
⁹ Election was GOP versus independent

CONTINUED BELOW

[Adam Griffin]

2018 SPECIAL ELECTIONS:

Average congressional swing, 2018: D+17.5
Average state legislative swing, 2018: D+11.0

Congressional:
 

Type	State	Dist	Date	Runoff	'16 Mar	'16 P Mar	Special Mar	Swing (Avg)
House	PA	18	3/13/18		N/A	R+20	D+0	D+20
House	AZ	8	4/24/18		R+37	R+21	R+5	D+24
House	TX	27	6/30/18		R+23	R+24	R+21	D+3
House	OH	12	8/7/18		R+37	R+11	R+1	D+23

State Legislative
 

Type	State	Dist	Date	Runoff	'16 Mar	'16 P Mar	Special Mar	Swing (Avg)
House	SC	56	1/2/18		N/A	R+32	No Oppo	N/A
House	CT	15	1/9/18		N/A	D+65	D vs D	N/A
Senate	GA	17	1/9/18		R+19	R+15	R+32	R+15
House	GA	111	1/9/18		R+3	D+3	R+14	R+14
House	IA	6	1/16/18		R+31	R+30	R+11	D+20
House	SC	28	1/16/18		N/A	R+30	No Oppo	N/A
House	SC	99	1/16/18		N/A	R+23	R+13	D+10
Senate	WI	10	1/16/18		R+26	R+17	D+10	D+32
House	WI	58	1/16/18		N/A	R+38	R+13	D+25
House	WI	66	1/16/18		D+62	D+42	No Oppo	N/A
House	PA	35	1/23/18		D+25	D+17	D+46	D+25
House	MO	39	2/6/18		N/A	R+46	R+29	D+17
House	MO	97	2/6/18		N/A	R+28	D+3	D+31
House	MO	129	2/6/18		R+779	R+64	R+38	D+33
House	MO	144	2/6/18		N/A	R+59	R+5	D+54
Senate	MN	54	2/12/18		D+6	R+1	D+4	D+2
House	MN	23B	2/12/18		R+34	R+27	R+19	D+12
House	FL	72	2/13/18		R+16	R+5	D+7	D+17
House	GA	175	2/13/18		N/A	R+25	R+53	R+28
Senate	OK	27	2/13/18		N/A	R+73	R+36	D+37
House	LA	86	2/17/18	3/24/18	N/A	R+50	(R vs R)	N/A
House	KY	49	2/20/18		R+1	R+49	D+37	D+62
House	MS	60	2/20/18	3/13/18	N/A		N/A	N/A
House	CT	120	2/27/18		D+25	D+2	D+2	R+12
House	KY	89	2/27/18		N/A	R+62	R+34	D+28
House	NH	BEL 3	2/27/18		R+8	R+12	D+7	D+17
Senate	MA	ESS 3	3/6/18		N/A	D+25	N/A	N/A
House	OK	51	3/6/18		R+56	R+65	R+44	D+17
Senate	TN	14	3/13/18		R+49	R+44	R+43	D+4
House	LA	93	3/24/18		N/A	D+75	(D vs D)	N/A
House	AL	21	3/27/18		R+35	R+22	R+6	D+23
House	MA	BR 2	4/3/18		N/A	D+9	D+4	R+5
Senate	RI	8	4/3/18		(D vs D)	D+31	D+45	D+14
Senate	FL	31	4/10/18		(D vs D)	D+25	D+50	D+25
Senate	IA	25	4/10/18		N/A	R+26	R+12	D+14
Senate	NY	32	4/24/18		D+94	D+87	D+86	R+5
Senate	NY	37	4/24/18		D+11	D+22	D+15	R+2
House	NY	5	4/24/18		R+29	R+24	R+26	D+1
House	NY	10	4/24/18		R+18	D+8	D+18	D+23
House	NY	17	4/24/18		R+25	R+19	R+27	R+5
House	NY	39	4/24/18		N/A	D+67	No Oppo	N/A
House	NY	74	4/24/18		D+67	D+74	D+86	D+17
House	NY	80	4/24/18		D+74	D+66	D+63	R+7
House	NY	102	4/24/18		N/A	R+23	R+1	D+22
House	NY	107	4/24/18		N/A	R+4	R+2	D+2
House	NY	142	4/24/18		N/A	R+6	R+5	D+1
House	FL	39	5/1/18		R+24	R+19	R+20	D+2
House	FL	114	5/1/18		D+2	D+14	D+4	R+4
Senate	MA	SUF 1	5/1/18		N/A	D+65	D+726	D+7
House	SC	69	5/1/18		N/A	R+31	No Oppo	N/A
House	TX	13	5/5/18		R+57	R+57	R+60	R+3
Senate	AL	26	5/15/18		N/A
House	AL	4	5/15/18		N/A
House	PA	48	5/15/18		N/A	R+15	R+11	D+4
House	PA	178	5/15/18		R+22	R+3	D+1	D+14
Senate	AR	16	5/22/18		N/A
Senate	AR	29	5/22/18		N/A
House	AR	83	5/22/18		N/A
House	CT	4	6/4/18		D+74	D+79	D+88	D+12
House	CA	39	6/5/18		D vs D	D+55	D+42	R+13
House	CA	45	6/5/18		D+33	D+40	D+32	R+5
House	CA	54	6/5/18		D+63	D+75	D+77	D+8
Senate	MO	17	6/5/18		R+23	R+4	D+20	D+34
Senate	WI	1	6/12/18		R+234	R+18	D+3	D+24
House	WI	42	6/12/18		R+17	R+14	R+8	D+8
House	MS	77	7/10/18		N/A		N/A	N/A
Senate	TX	19	7/31/18	9/19/18	D+15	D+12
Senate	CA	32	8/7/18		D+54	D+39	D+5	R+17
Senate	AR	8	8/14/18		N/A		R vs L	N/A
Senate	TX	19	9/18/18		D+15	D+12	R+6	R+20

¹ Jungle primary margin between all combined Dem and all combined GOP candidates; runoff is Dem vs. Dem
² Indicates runoff has not yet occurred; final result undetermined
³ Special was called because 2016 GOP candidate was ruled at the last-minute to be ineligible; using 2014 results for comparison
⁴ No regular election in 2016; using 2014 results for comparison
⁵ Democratic candidate on ballot but dropped out of race
⁶ Election was Dem versus independent
⁷ ED vote only; state does not record EV by precinct
⁸ Election was Dem versus Green
⁹ Election with Rep versus independent

[Adam Griffin]

why is everybody in Oklahoma resigning?

From Maxwell:

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I'm honestly more intrigued by why these all have such varying dates for their respective special elections.

[Adam Griffin]

Wow, thanks! That certainly makes the process easier, though I imagine I'll be working for awhile on some of these. Looks like a lot of these special elections are non-events, though.

Griff, if you want to keep that fancy table updated, I'll sticky this for awhile.

OK, great!

[Adam Griffin]

With the exception of a few outstanding races, I've managed to get all of the data added for all specials that have occurred so far. I do still need to add many of the upcoming state legislative specials to the list when I get time. I'm worried that I'm going to hit the 11000-character limit pretty soon with all of this coding, though.

I'll also need to go back and correct a discrepancy between D vs D/R vs R races in CA/LA where there are runoffs; I opted to use the jungle primary in the case of CA but forgot to do so this morning when looking through Castro's info provided for LA.

[Adam Griffin]

OK, I've got all of those announced elections added finally...and I've already had to trim my code once to be under the character limit.

*sigh*

I may have to convert this to an image before long, especially as I add more 2016 results/color-code them. I wish I had thought to make an extra reply at the beginning.

[Adam Griffin]

OK, I've got all of those announced elections added finally...and I've already had to trim my code once to be under the character limit.

*sigh*

I may have to convert this to an image before long, especially as I add more 2016 results/color-code them. I wish I had thought to make an extra reply at the beginning.

If McGovernForPrez and MT Treasurer are ok with it, I (or they) could delete their 2 posts following your main post, and you could convert your 2nd post in this thread into a "2nd page" for your table?

That may be needed soon - I'm at 10700 characters right now so once I add colors for a few more results it'll be over the limit once again.

[Adam Griffin]

Griffin - could we do a running average of the swing for both congressional / federal elections and the state elections? Enten has called them a good predictor of the possible swing in 2018.

Which elections specifically did you have in mind? I've been lucky thus far to find presidential margins for most of these districts already compiled, but it's a lot of work to crunch precinct-by-precinct for each district across multiple districts.

I had seen somewhere on 538 where they mentioned that an average of the past two presidential elections was the best determination of how a district would vote in a special.

[Adam Griffin]

GA SD32 final results added.

[Adam Griffin]

Awesome job Griffin! By the way, it looks like "Congressional:" and "State Legislative" are making the "Type" column much bigger than it needs to be while forcing other columns into spaces that are clearly too small ("Runoff" for the state legislative races, for example). If you removed them from the charts themselves it might ease up on the space.

Alternatively, I have seen several threads that were much wider than most. Even though I'm pretty sure it's an error, it could be helpful for making a better chart.

(Also, the first two comments are both yours. You don't have to worry about the character limit for a while.)

Thanks for the tip on that! Fixed.

As far as maximum width, the only way (to my knowledge) to stretch it beyond the normal parameters is to either a) use a large image (which squeezes a bit more room out of it) or b) pasting a very long link, which will stretch the page as long as the link is on one line.

[Adam Griffin]

Can't wait to update the thread with tonight's results! I'll have it sorted through in just a couple of hours when I'm done with my RL work.

[Adam Griffin]

^^^ Thanks for the help! I went ahead and filled in the rest save for AL-58's presidential margin; I also fixed the DE Senate average.

BTW, what I do is simply round up for the average and then count the swing from there. So R+2 & D+13 = D+11; divided by 2 D+5.5 -> D+6.

[Adam Griffin]

Updated congressionals. I'll get around to doing the 2 state legislative races tomorrow (unless somebody beats me to it).

[Adam Griffin]

Oklahoma races added.

[Adam Griffin]

NH's Merrimack 18 will have an election tonight between Kris Schultz (D) and Michael Feeley (R). For reference, the Democrat won 56-44 last year. Small electorates here, though: I could see almost any imaginable result here tonight.

[Adam Griffin]

NH's Merrimack 18 will have an election tonight between Kris Schultz (D) and Michael Feeley (R). For reference, the Democrat won 56-44 last year. Small electorates here, though: I could see almost any imaginable result here tonight.

Schultz wins 78-22 (284-82).

[Adam Griffin]

Is there an aggregated average somewhere in the thread that I somehow missed?

Excluding a few situations where something went off-track (one candidate dropping out after winning the primary, etc):

State legislative: 11.7-point swing
Congressional: 15.4-point swing

Total: 12.3-point swing

[Adam Griffin]

Elections tonight in New Hampshire's State Senate District 10 and in Massachusetts' Senate Middlesex District 4.

In New Hampshire, the Democrat won by 10 points (the Dem won this district by 2 in 2016; Clinton won by less than 1 point).

In Massachusetts, the election came down to a Democrat versus a Green; the Democrat won with 88% of the vote; no Republican qualified. In 2016, Clinton won this district by 29 points.

[Adam Griffin]

WA Senate 45 special jungle primary results added (runoff will be 11/7). More was spent during this jungle primary than in all other races in the district going back to 2000 - combined.

Also, can we just reflect for a moment on how dumb Washington's jungle primary system is (namely, the fact that you can win a majority and still have to do it all over again in a runoff)?

[Adam Griffin]

WA Senate 45 special jungle primary results added (runoff will be 11/7).

Also, can we just reflect for a moment on how dumb Washington's jungle primary system is (namely, the fact that you can win a majority and still have to do it all over again in a runoff)?

I think that part is fair. Otherwise, low-turnout primaries could determine general election results even though they are not necessarily representative of the wider pool of voters who vote in general elections.

It's a special election, though. WA doesn't even require that a candidate reach a majority in the general, right? If not, I don't necessarily see the justification here.

In most cases, without a majority required, a candidate can win without the confidence of the majority of voters whether it's high-turnout or not. With a majority required, you inevitably need to have runoffs that don't necessarily coincide with the general, which means the final decision is made by a lower turnout electorate.

Washington specifically seems to have circumvented this by a) opting for jungle primaries and b) allowing interim appointments to be made, which thankfully means that constituents aren't without representation for up to a year (since they insist on holding even special elections on the usual November GE date).

However, I don't think it necessarily prevents what you're describing, as an off-year election - even if it's on the first Tuesday after the first Monday of November - is likely to have lower turnout than a midterm or presidential election cycle.

In addition, it's very rare for a first-place candidate in a primary (whether it be jungle or not) or general election to lose vote share in a runoff, making the exercise largely a big waste of time and money.

[Adam Griffin]

WA Senate 45 special jungle primary results added (runoff will be 11/7).

Also, can we just reflect for a moment on how dumb Washington's jungle primary system is (namely, the fact that you can win a majority and still have to do it all over again in a runoff)?

I think that part is fair. Otherwise, low-turnout primaries could determine general election results even though they are not necessarily representative of the wider pool of voters who vote in general elections.

It's a special election, though. WA doesn't even require that a candidate reach a majority in the general, right? If not, I don't necessarily see the justification here.

In most cases, without a majority required, a candidate can win without the confidence of the majority of voters whether it's high-turnout or not. With a majority required, you inevitably need to have runoffs that don't necessarily coincide with the general, which means the final decision is made by a lower turnout electorate.

Washington specifically seems to have circumvented this by a) opting for jungle primaries and b) allowing interim appointments to be made, which thankfully means that constituents aren't without representation for up to a year (since they insist on holding even special elections on the usual November GE date).

However, I don't think it necessarily prevents what you're describing, as an off-year election - even if it's on the first Tuesday after the first Monday of November - is likely to have lower turnout than a midterm or presidential election cycle.

In addition, it's very rare for a first-place candidate in a primary (whether it be jungle or not) or general election to lose vote share in a runoff, making the exercise largely a big waste of time and money.

Adam, that was a primary, not a general election for WA

It was a "jungle primary", which I do not consider to be a real primary; essentially, what they call a "general election" in this situation is a run-off, as it presumably will be for all elections held in November 2017 (I don't believe there are any regularly-scheduled state elections in WA in the odd years).

If all parties/candidates are running on the same ballot and a candidate can win a majority, that should be that. Otherwise, let each party hold its own primary and nominate accordingly; literally no point to the jungle primary if you can't get a win on the first-round.

I think this is one situation where my state actually got run-offs right. Georgia actually does utilize jungle primaries in one specific instance: state legislative elections. Candidates can declare and run as Republican, Democratic or "Non-Partisan" (the only instance in which a candidate can run under such a label) and all are on the same ballot. If one person gets 50%+1, then there is no runoff.

[Adam Griffin]

Adam, I"m 90% sure if someone gets 50%+1 there is still a run off, this is the CA system

Yes, that's what I'm saying is ridiculous: the Democratic candidate in WA-45 won approximately 51% of the vote and will still have to run for election in November.

If you're going to make all parties/candidates run on the same ballot, then you might as well eliminate any need for a run-off (you can call it a "general" if you want, but that is what it is in actuality) if one candidate actually gets a majority in a crowded field consisting of all possible contenders.

[Adam Griffin]

Here are tonight's results from IA & MO:

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[Adam Griffin]

You have OK SD 44 listed as being today in the OP, but that election happened months ago (Democrats won).

Fixed.


Looks like Oklahoma Democrats pick up yet another seat in the State House tonight - the third one this year.

Type	State	Dist	Date	Runoff	'16 Mar	'16 P Mar	Special Mar	Swing (Avg)
House	OK	46	9/12/17		R+20	R+10	D+21	D+36

[Adam Griffin]

As a sidenote, if I have missed any elections that have occurred this year that aren't on the sheet above, please let me know. Castro was kind enough to give me a comprehensive list of upcoming specials back in May - and I have updated these figures as the elections roll around - but I'll admit that I haven't actually kept tabs on any special elections scheduled since then unless they somehow inadvertently crossed my radar.

P.S.: I finally had to convert the results post to an image format because I ran out of characters. The pastebin link above that has the original forum code in it, however.