Well in addition to food stamps, opebo, we have unemployment insurance and medicaid that come to mind. Utility companies give a break on utility bills to low income folks. There is also Section 8 housing, which subsidizes housing costs. One can make the case that this is all inadequate perhaps, but one cannot make the case that there is no safety net at all.
Torie, the American welfare system is like something from a Victorian time warp. It's a hodgepodge of programs that vary by state out of paranoia about the federal government. It's based on the idea that the only people in society who deserve any kind of help are widows and orphans - hence the emphasis on helping women with children, or the elderly.
I'm a 25 year old single man with no children. I can't get Medicaid if I'm too poor to afford health insurance. If I can't afford a roof over my head, there's no help for me there; the limited number of vouchers go to families first. And yet I still have to pay payroll taxes to finance the healthcare and retirement of old people at a time when people over 65 have the lion's share of the money in this country.
The Right complains about the safety net encouraging broken families. If it does, it's because those are the only people they are willing to spend public money to help. In the '40s and '50s, intact families were explicitly kept out of public housing because conservatives thought it would encourage "idleness" in the husbands - the man should be out working, therefore a woman with a husband doesn't actually need help.