were jews republicans before 1928?

[Calthrina950]

If I am recalling correctly, in Kevin Phillips' Emerging Republican Majority, it is stated that Harding won the Jewish vote in 1920, and Coolidge got a plurality in 1924. In 1928, however, Jews voted overwhelmingly for Al Smith, and have voted Democratic by large margins ever since.

[Calthrina950]

https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jewish-voting-record-in-u-s-presidential-elections

This says Democrats have done better with Jewish voters as far back as 1916, with the exception of 1920, where Debs took so many votes away from Cox that Harding got a plurality of Jewish voters.

It would be fascinating to know about the voting record of Jewish voters prior to 1916. I wonder if T.R. Roosevelt might have won them in 1904. But it is also interesting how Harding only won the Jewish vote because of Debs. However, Hughes only lost them by 10 against Wilson, so it's possible that Harding could have gotten an outright majority. Jews, just like ethnic Catholics (Irish, Italian, German), reacted badly to Wilson's war and postwar foreign policies.