Temporal Weighted Apportionment

[jimrtex]

Minnesota is entitled to 11.6 representatives.



The Twin Cities UCC has a population sufficient for about 6.6 representatives, and must be split into two relatively small districts, while the remainder of the state has a population sufficient for 4.9 representatives and would form one very large district.

My preference is to have smaller districts in less densely populated areas, so I toyed with other ideas. For example the Metro area could be extended outward, but that would provide only minor benefits. Alternatively, southern counties from the UCC could be stripped off, and added to a southern Minnesota district. But to get the remainder of the UCC below 5.0, would require that Dakota, Scott, Wright, and Washington be removed, and they would form the majority of the southern district. Thus there would be 1.5+ metro districts.

I eventually settled on the modest change of adding Isanti and Chisago to the metro districts.

A donut split of the metro area is conceivable, but it doesn't really provide the benefits that it would for a single-member district. Thus the final east west split:

2701 - Twin Cities Metro West or Minneapolis or Minneapolis-Metro West - 3.4 representatives.

2702 - Twin Cities Metro East or St. Paul or St. Paul-Metro East - 3.4 representatives.

2703 - Minnesota Outer or Minnesota State or 10,000 Lakes - 4.8 representatives.

[jimrtex]

Oregon is entitled to 8.4 representatives. Nevada is entitled to 6.0 representatives.



Oregon must be divided into two districts. The three-county Portland UCC has enough for a district (3.6), as would the remainder of the state (4.8). But a preference for larger districts in more densely populated areas, caused me to add the Salem area to the Portland district.
4101 - Portland-Salem - 5.0 representatives.

4102 - Oregon - 3.4 representatives.


Nevada can be contained in one district. In 2020, the split will have to occur in Clark County. Currently, Clark is entitled to 4.3+ representatives, Washoe (Reno) to 0.9+ representatives, and everything else 0.7+ representatives.

3200 - Nevada - 6.0 representatives.

[jimrtex]

Kansas is entitled to 6.2 representatives, Nebraska to 4.0 representatives, and Colorado to 11.0 representatives.



Kansas must be divided into two districts of almost equal population. Starting out in the northeastern corner of the state, I reached as far as Douglas (Lawrence), and decided to go ahead and add the southeastern edge of the state. If I extended out further to Riley (Manhattan), the western district is to small. The final division was based on having the district boundary follow a consistent north-south boundary.

2001 - Eastern Kansas - 3.0 representatives.

2002 - Western Kansas - 3.2 representatives.


Nebraska forms a single district.

3100 - Nebraska - 4.0 representatives.


Colorado is divided into three districts. The Denver UCC has a population equivalent to 5.45 representative, and is allowed to keep a UCC within one district. The remained of the state has a population equivalent to 5.55 representatives, but the exception does not apply. If Boulder (Boulder - Longmont) is added to the Denver district, then the outstate district is below 5.0, but the Denver district is above 6.0 and must be split. Because most of the counties are large, a split into two districts of 3.0 is quite difficult.

So Larimer (Fort Collins - Loveland) and Weld (Greeley) were added to a greater Denver district, along with some smaller counties. This produces a more manageable 7.5 (two districts) - 3.5 districts. The northern Denver UCC counties of Adams and Broomfield are placed with Boulder, Larimer, Weld, and the smaller counties.

801 - Denver - 4.4 representatives.

802 - Northern Colorado - 3.2 representatives.

803 - Southern & Western Colorado - 3.4 representatives.

[jimrtex]

West Virginia is entitled to 4.0 representatives in a single district.



5400 - West Virginia - 4.00 representatives.

[jimrtex]

Idaho is entitled to 3.4 representatives; Montana is entitled to 2.2 representatives; North Dakota is entitled to 1.4 representatives; South Dakota is entitled to 1.8 representatives; Utah is entitled to 6.0 representatives; and Wyoming is entitled to 1.2 representatives.



In all states, the representatives will be elected from a single district.

In 2020, Utah will likely have two districts. It may be impossible to put Salt Lake County with either Weber County (Ogden) to the north, or Utah County (Provo) to the south. It may require an Ogden-Provo district; and a Salt Lake and the remainder of the state district.

1600 - Idaho - 3.4 representatives.

3000 - Montana - 2.2 representatives.

3800 - North Dakota - 1.4 representatives.

4600 - South Dakota - 1.8 representatives.

4900 - Utah - 6.0 representatives.

5600 - Wyoming - 1.2 representatives.

[jimrtex]

Washington is entitled to 14.8 representatives in four (or three districts).



The three-county Seattle UCC is entitled to 7.5 representatives and must be split. King and Pierce together is slightly above 6.000 and thus not permitted. King and Snohomish together would be possible, but would isolate Whatcom and Skagit. Linking Snohomish and Pierce via Kitsap would be possible, bu would require another district to wrap around that.

So Snohomish was combined with Skagit and Whatcom, and crossing Puget Sound to the Olympic Peninsula. Mason was included because of Hood Canal and Grays Harbor and Pacific were added to put all of the Pacific Coast in one district.

Pierce was also separated and combined with Thurston and Clark and other smaller counties. Eastern and Central Washington, east of the Cascades has enough population for its own district.

The map is reasonable other than the split of the Seattle UCC, but Tacoma and Everett have historic identities separate from Seattle, even though suburbs now spill over from King County.

5301 - Seattle - 4.2 representatives.

5302 - Puget Sound - 3.6 representatives.

5303 - Tacoma-Vancouver-Olympia - 3.6 representatives.

5304 - Central & Eastern Washington or Columbia Basin - 3.4 representatives.

[jimrtex]

Oklahoma is entitled to 8.2 representatives in two districts.



Oklahoma City and Tulsa were placed in different districts, and then the eastern district expanded to reach over 3.0 representatives and to get the western district under 5.0. The two districts vaguely correspond to Oklahoma and Indian territories, but the boundary is actually more of a north-south line midway between the two cities.

4001 - Western Oklahoma - 4.6 representatives.

4002 - Eastern Oklahoma - 3.6 representatives.

[jimrtex]

Arizona is entitled to 14.0 representatives.





The Phoenix UCC (Maricopa and Pinal) has a population equal to almost 9.2 representatives and must be split. The remainder of the state is entitled to 4.8 representatives and can fit into a single district.

If Pinal were shifted out of the Phoenix UCC, it would require the remainder of the state to be split, and still require a division of Phoenix.

It would conceivably be possible to divide the Phoenix UCC into three districts. The city of Phoenix is about 3.16 representatives. This would then require an almost perfect split of the remainder of the area into two districts barely above 3.0 representatives. Given that the cities are fairly large (Maricopa County has 9 cities over 100K), this might require a division of cities or an awkward split of the remainder.

The final split began with Phoenix and added Scottsdale and Tempe, so that the other district was below 5.0. Glendale was then moved to the Phoenix district to balance the population. The long nose on the district is a largely incoporated area that Glendale has fenced in.

This makes the other district, the southeast portion of Maricopa, including Mesa, Chandler, and Gilbert; the western part of Maricopa, including Peoria, Surpries, Avondale, Goodyear, and Buckeye; and Pinal County. In retrospect, it might have been better to place Tempe with Mesa, Chandler, and Gilbert.

401 - Phoenix - 4.8 representatives.

402 - Maricopa-Pinal or Central Arizona - 4.4 representatives.

403 - Arizona or Copper State or Grand Canyon State - 4.8 representatives.

[jimrtex]

New Mexico, Alaska, and Hawaii are entitled to 4.6, 1.6, and 3.0 representatives, respectively. Each will have a single district.

[jimrtex]

These maps show the regions in which representative positions float. In total there are 62 floating positions, of 676 total representatives (9.2%).

The small numbers represent the number of terms in the decade that the district will have an extra representative, while the larger numbers show the number of floating positions. For example, New Hampshire, which is entitled to 2.8 representatives, will have an extra (3rd) representative for 4 terms in each decade. In one term, the Suffolk-Essex district in Massachusetts will have an extra representative.

Districts with exactly a whole number of representatives (for example Maine) are shown as being part of a representative sharing region so as to simply the map. In actuality they stand aloof of the process.



Massachusetts share 3 regions with neighboring states. The extra terms for Massachusetts districts will be coordinates so that the state will never have three extra representatives nor no extra representatives. Instead, it will have one extra representative for three terms, and two extra representatives for two terms, which will not be consecutive. In addition, Vermont and New Hampshire will both have an extra representative in only one term.

The Connecticut-Upstate New York region will have two extra representatives. It can be easier understood as two regions sharing the Hudson Valley district. Except for the one term in which the extra Connecticut representative slides into New York, each state will have an extra representative.



Regions will be coordinated such that New York City has two extra representatives in every term, and so that New York state has four extra representatives in two terms, one borrowed from Connecticut and one borrowed from New Jersey. New Jersey will have two extra representative for one term. Pennsylvania will a 3rd extra representative for four terms. Maryland will share one extra representative among three of its districts.

For the remainder of New York see the northeast map above. For the rest of the the region extending from northwest Pennsylvania into Ohio see the Great Lakes map that follows.



This map shows the region beginning in Pennsylvania, extending into the Cleveland, Ohio area, a region in Ohio, and a region shared by Michigan and Ohio. It also shows a large region extending from western Virginia, through Kentucky and into Indiana.

Michigan only has three extra terms among its five districts. It is grouped with a Cincinnati district. It could have been grouped with the northwest Ohio district and the Ohio River district, but that would have required that Cincinnati be paired with Akron. I chose to keep a contiguous Ohio region. While the regions are large, they represent only two floating positions among almost 47 representatives from the two states.

The two northeastern Ohio districts will be coordinates, so that they both have an extra representative for only two terms, and one for the remaining three terms. And the Ohio regions will be coordinated so that the Cincinnati and Cleveland districts only have two extra representatives for one term.

The Virginia-Kentucky-Indiana region can be better understood as a separate region for each state, but with the Kentucky region extending into each of the other states. Instead of the 6-3-6 actually distribution, it will operate as a 5-(1)3(1)-5 configuration. Each Kentucky district will have an extra representative for one term. The remaining two terms will be assigned to the southern Indiana or western Virginia district.



This map shows the remainder of Virginia, along with North Carolina, South Carolina, Alabama, most of Georgia, and the panhandle of Florida.

The eastern part of Virginia is in a district with Piedmont areas of North Carolina. The Virginia regions will be coordinated so that they will have an extra representative for three terms in the decade.

Eastern North Carolina is its own region, and the western district of North Carolina is in a region with Tennessee. The North Carolina regions will be coordinated so that they get an extra representative for  four terms.

South Carolina has one region of its own, and the coastal district is in a (blue) region with Georgia. Two districts in the Atlanta region will form a region. Three districts complete the region with the South Carolina district. The final district in Georgia (southeast) is in a region that extends north with Florida. Georgia will have two extra representatives for one term, and one for the other four terms.

Alabama and the Florida panhandle form a district.



The Atlantic coast of Florida, extending into Georgia forms a region with three floating positions. It will be treated as three sub-regions: (1) The Miami area with two extra representatives for two terms; (2) a Jacksonville-Georgia area with an extra representative for four terms; and (3) the Cape Canaveral district with its four terms taking those not used by the other two areas.

The Tampa-Orlando area will share an extra representative.

The two northern Florida districts will be coordinated so that Florida has an extra representative for one term.



Illinois constitutes a single region with two extra positions. There will be coordination between the two more western districts (northwestern Illinois-and the more western and northern suburbs; and the two districts in Cook, DeKalb, and Will counties).



This map includes CO, WY, ND, SD, NE, MN, IA, and WI (Illinois is covered on the previous map).

Wisconsin and Iowa form a region with two extra positions. Iowa and the western Wisconsin district form one sub-region, with the eastern Wisconsin districts forming a second sub-region. That eastern sub-region will have an two extra representatives for one term.

Minnesota and North Dakota form a region with two extra positions. The two Twin Cities districts form one sub-region, with North Dakota and the outstate Minnesota district forming a second sub-region. The term that the Twin-Cities do not have an extra representative, the outstate district will.

South Dakota and Wyoming share an extra representative. The Colorado districts share a representative.



This map includes NM, KS, OK, MO, AR, LA, and MS. Texas has its own map.

Louisiana forms a region for sharing one representative.

Missouri, Arkansas, and Mississippi form a region for sharing two representative positions. Missouri; and Arkansas and Mississippi form subregions, with the Missouri subregion having one term per decade having two extra positions, one for each district.

Oklahoma, Kansas, and New Mexico form a region for sharing two representative positions. Oklahoma; and Kansas and New Mexico form subregions, with the Oklahoma subregion having one term per decade having two extra positions, one for each district.



Texas is organized in five regions for sharing representative positions. Four of them share a single representative position: (1) Harris County (Houston); (2) the eastern part of the state, including East Texas, Central Texas, and Houston suburban districts; (3) The Dallas-Fort Worth area; and (4) South Texas, including San Antonio, Corpus Christi, and the border area.

The fifth region comprised of the North Texas, West Texas and Austin districts share two representative positions. One term per decade, the Austin and North Texas district will both have an extra representative. That term, the West Texas district will not. The remaining four terms, either the Austin or the North Texas district will have an extra representative, two terms for each district. During these four terms, the West Texas district will also have an extra representative.




These maps cover MT, ID, WA, OR, AK, HI, and northern California.

Alaska is in a region with western Washington, with two floating positions. Alaska and the outer Puget Sound-Pacific coast district form one region, while the Seattle, and Tacoma-Olympia-Vancouver districts form the other.

Eastern Washington, Idaho, and Montana form a region with one floating positions. The Washington districts will be coordinated so that Washington has two extra representatives four terms out of the decade.

Oregon forms a region with the Sacramento and San Francisco districts in California. Each of the two California districts will have an extra representative for four terms in the decade. In the remaining term for the two districts, Oregon will have an extra representative.