The liberal Republic

[President Johnson]

Chapter 3: ROCKY’S AMERICA –
The presidency of Nelson Rockefeller






January 20, 1973

The Inauguration of President Nelson Rockefeller




January 20, 1973 would be the greatest day in Nelson Rockefeller’s life. He was finally at his ultimate destination: The presidency.

It was a clear January morning in Washington DC, when President Lyndon B. Johnson and his wife Lady Bird welcomed President-elect Nelson Rockefeller and incoming First Lady Happy to the White House for a cup of coffee. At 11 a.m., the two presidents and their families were escorted to the eastern portico of the United States Capitol. Vice President Robert Kennedy and Vice President-elect Gerald Ford followed them.



Like in 1969, Associate Justice Thurgood Marshall, the first black at the nation’s highest court, swore in the vice president. At 11.50 a.m., Gerald R. Ford took the oath of office as the 40th Vice President of the United States.

I, Gerald Rudolph Ford, do solemnly swear
that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States
against all enemies, foreign and domestic;
that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same;
that I take this obligation freely,
without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion;
and that I will well and faithfully discharge
the duties of the office on which I am about to enter.
So help me God.

A big applause took place after Gerald Ford, who seemed deeply moved, was sworn-in.

At 11.59 a.m., Nelson Rockefeller raised his right hand to repeat the presidential oath of office administered by Chief Justice Homer Thornberry.

I, Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller, do solemnly swear
that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States,
and will to the best of my Ability,
preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States.
So help me God.


Right afterwards, the Marine Corps Band played hail to the chief and salute shots were fired in front of the Capitol. Nelson Rockefeller, with proud smile in his face, was now the 37th President of the United States.

As the crowd of over 750,000 cheered and applauded, the new president turned to the podium to deliver his inauguration speech.


PRESIDENT ROCKEFELLER: Chief Justice Thornberry, Vice President Ford, President Johnson, Vice President Kennedy, Senator Javits, Associate Justice Marshall, my fellow Americans and members of world community: As I stand here before you today, I feel a deep sense of humility and gratitude for the American people, who gave me the opportunity to serve for them for tthe years to come, beholden only to the constitution and laws the United States and god.

Today we are assembled here, with millions watching all over the world, to celebrate the peaceful transition of power. It has been a proud American tradition for almost two centuries when executive power is transferred from one president to his successor, who has been elected in free, due to fair elections. It is this shining example that makes America a very special country. But is more than just the transfer of powers, it also a moment of resolve and humility, as we are coming together as one nation, under god, to celebrate our democracy. I personally want to use this opportunity to thank President Johnson for his outstanding service to America in all over his unique career. I also once more want to thank Vice President Kennedy for his commitment to improve life conditions for all Americans. Thank you all.

My fellow countrymen, this is a special moment in history as we will soon celebrate our bicentennial. I am deeply honored to have to opportunity to guide this great nation into the third century of its existence. For us, it is now time to think about a vision for the third century of this great American experiment. My vision is inbounded in three headlines: First, prosperity. I want to work to improve life conditions of all Americans, so that none has to live in poverty. Every men and women must have the opportunity to use his or her potential for a decent job and the pursued of happiness. We also have to make sure that his prosperity is not just beneficial on a short term basis. I will soon submit to the congress, the people’s elected representatives, detailed plans for more economic growth and a fair tax system. I look forward to work with the congress, on all major issues, in a spirit of mutual understanding and commitment to improve the lives of our fellow Americans.

Second is freedom. But that means more than just these basic values enacted in our bill of rights. It means that we ensure all Americans have the same chances and the right to grow up, live and work in a world free of discrimination because of skin color or gender. Let America be the shining example how people of different backgrounds live together peacefully. Let us also be an example when it comes to protecting our enivironment. Living in freedom also means to live free from excessive pollution. Let us do more to protect the wondeful rivers, lakes, forests, deserts, monatains and plains we have. Give ourselves as well as our children and grandchildren the opportunity to breathe clean air and use clear water. Let us protect the natural beauties we are blessed with for the coming generations.

And the third headline is peace. Living in freedom also means, living in peace. That translates into a simple message to the world: America is committed, now more than ever, to a peaceful and stable world. We do not seek to conquer or dominate. Neither will we tolerate oppression in any form against allies of ours or other free countries. That means, we are open for productive and far-reaching talks with anyone. But it also means that will defend our values and our friends at any price. America stood not by when Pearl Harbor was attacked and a dictator tried to conquer and enslave the European continent. America stood not by when another dictator tried to conquer the Korean peninsula or when a sovereign country in South East Asia was attacked. America, under presidents of both parties, acted. And it will act under my leadership as well. I look forward to present a detailed foreign policy to the congress and the American people in the months to follow.

These three headlines contain a lot of challenges alone. And more, often hardly foreseeable, are to come. But Americans have traditionally responded to challenges with optimism and courage. That gives me great confidence that we can meet any challenge and withstand any force from the inside or the outside trying to undermine or divide us. I have great faith in the American people that we will enter this third century of our nation’s proud history stronger than ever before. At peace with itsself, its neighbors and the world, focused on real issues to deal with problems with a pragmatic appoach. For this great vision, I ask for your trust and confidence. And I ask each and every one of you to join me in this effort to make this land the one I used to be: A beacon of hope and liberty. Thank you very much, god bless you and god bless the United States of America.

[Applause]




President Nelson Rockefeller and Vice President Gerald Ford are heading to the Inauguration ball, as First Lady Happy Rockefeller looks on

The day was concluded with the traditional presidential ball in Washington. After the inauguration, former President Lyndon B. Johnson flew back to Texas, where he received a hero’s welcome, as did former Vice President Robert Kennedy, who returned to the Kennedy Family Home in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts for a while.

January 20, 1973 was a day of celebration and renewal. The next morning, the Rockefeller Administration was getting to work.

[President Johnson]

The first 100 days of the Rockefeller Administration


January 21, 1973: President Rockefeller signs first Executive Orders



President Nelson Rockefeller signs his first Executive Orders and a proclamation on his first day in office; January 21, 1973

In his first full day in office, President Nelson Rockefeller signed a number of executive orders laying the groundwork for some important policies of his administration:

- As promised during his campaign, the president issued an executive order to reduce his annual salary to a symbolic dollar. Nelson Rockefeller, who became the wealthiest president in history, wouldn’t take a pension either under the decree he now signed. Instead, he will donate the money for sick children.
- The president established a commission consisting members of congress, business and labor leaders as well as public employees to study waste and fraud in the federal government and finding solutions to save money. Under the order, Vice President Ford has been assigned to chair the commission.
- Another executive order created “The President’s Infrastructure Counsel” to work out detailed plans for a gigantic infrastructure package. The commission is headed by former New York senator Charles Goodell, who will coordinate his work with the White House and the incoming Transportation Secretary.
- The president also signed a proclamation to express his support for the passage of a Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S. constitution. The proposed amendment is designed to guarantee equal rights for all citizens regardless of sex; it seeks to end the legal distinctions between men and women in terms of divorce, property, employment, and other matters.
- In addition, Nelson Rockefeller signed a presidential memorandum that reaffirmed the administration's support for South Vietnam in light of the upcoming second anniversary of the Paris Peace Accords.


January 22, 1973: Supreme Court landmark decision: Laws criminalizing abortions are unconstitutional



In a 8 : 1 decision, with Justice Byron White the only one against, the United States Supreme Court ruled that state laws criminalizing abortions are illegal. The Roe v. Wade ruling, although foreseeable with the court's liberal bench of judges, provoked conservative outrage nationwide. President Rockefeller expected this to happen and issued a brief written statement: “Since the question of abortions came up, I have opted the position, that government should have no business in interfering the most private decisions of women and their families. While I believe there should be limits how long abortions are permitted, I oppose a general abortion ban.” Vice President Ford stated the issue should be decided by the states but identified himself, like the president, as “pro-choice”. Generally, the White House tried to steer public attention away from the ruling and focus on the administration’s policies.


January 25, 1973: President Rockefeller to address congress and nation on February 22

As the White House just confirmed, President Nelson Rockefeller is scheduled to address a joint session of congress on February 22 to outline his policies. This is a substitute for the annual State of Union Address that is usually skipped in inauguration years.


January 29, 1973: Richard Nixon confirmed as Secretary of State following tenacious hearings



Richard Nixon is finally back: After several hours of interviews, the senate confirmed his nomination as Secretary of State

A combined of 19 hours took the hearings by the Senate Foreign Relations Committee for the Secretary of State nominee. Richard Nixon had to answer several questions on a broad range of political and personal issues. Democratic senators devoted a lot of time for questions on the Chennault Case and the involvement of Nixon campaign aides in the 1968 peace talks. Nixon vehemently denied to have ordered or even tolerated illegal actions by his campaign staffers. He also pointed to a 1969 FBI Report finding no evidence for his personal misbehavior. Ultimately, Nixon demonstrated his patience during the hearings and gave skillful answers what then led Majority Leader Hubert Humphrey to allow a floor vote on January 29. The upper house of congress confirmed the two-time Republican nominee with 77 senators in favor, and 22 against. All nay votes came from the Democratic caucus, among them notable senators like George McGovern (D-SD) and Edmund Muskie (D-ME). Pacifist Republican senator Mark Hatfield (R-OR) abstained, saying he couldn’t vote in favor but would not vote nay because of his sympathy for President Rockefeller. On the evening of January 29, at a small White House ceremony, Richard Nixon was sworn in as America’s new Secretary of State by Vice President Gerald Ford.


January 30, 1973: Cabinet confirmations complete



The White House Cabinet Room, still with the decor of the Johnson Administration

That went through very quickly: It took ten days until the confirmation process of Nelson Rockefeller’s cabinet secretaries was complete. The senate approved all nominees of newly sworn in president. The first level appointees are now all at their respective posts and the Rockefeller Administration can function under regular order.

These are the results:

- Richard Nixon confirmed as Secretary of State: 77 aye, 22 nay
- Spiro Agnew confirmed as Attorney General: 84 aye, 15 nay
- George Romney confirmed as Secretary of Defense: 92 aye, 8 nay
- William Scranton confirmed as U.N. Ambassador: 95 aye, 3 nay
- John Connally confirmed as Secretary of Commerce: 87 aye, 13 nay
- Margaret Chase Smith confirmed as Secretary of Health and Human Services: 98 aye, 1 nay
- Thomas Kuchel confirmed as Secretary of Labor: 94 aye, 4 nay
- John Arthur Love confirmed as Secretary of the Interior: 97 aye, 2 nay
- Walter Peterson confirmed as Secretary of Transportation: 100 aye
- John Anderson confirmed as Secretary of Agriculture: 95 aye, 3 nay
- Ivan Allen confirmed as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development: 83 aye, 15 nay

* Treasury Secretary Joseph Barr did not need renewed senate approval, as he already served in the Johnson Administration since 1968. White House Chief of Staff John B. Anderson and National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger aren’t required senate confirmation, as they are directly working for the president.


The Rockefeller Administration
(as of January 1973)

- President: Nelson Rockefeller (R-NY)
- Vice President: Gerald Ford (R-MI)

- Secretary of State: Richard Nixon (R-CA)
- Attorney General: Spiro Agnew (R-MD)
- Secretary of Defense: George Romney (R-MI)
- Secretary of the Treasury: Joseph W. Barr (D-IN)
- Secretary of Commerce: John Connally (R-TX)
- Secretary of the Interior: John Arthur Love (R-CO)
- Secretary of HUD: Ivan Allen Jr. (D-GA)
- Secretary of HHS: Margaret Chase-Smith (R-ME)
- Secretary of Agriculture: John Anderson (R-KS)
- Secretary of Labor: Thomas Kuchel (R-CA)
- Secretary of Transportation: Walter R. Peterson Jr. (R-NH)
- U.N. Ambassador: William Scranton (R-PA)

- White House Chief of Staff: John B. Anderson (R-IL)
- National Security Advisor: Henry Kissinger (R-DC)


January 31, 1973: First post-inauguration poll

As usual, newly sworn-in presidents start off their term with a pretty strong approval rating, known as "honeymoon". President Nelson Rockefeller enjoys such honeymoon, as he gets strong support from his fellow countrymen during the first days in office with polls showing that almost eight in ten Americans approve his job performance. It remains to be seen how long that lasts.

President Rockefeller job approval
Approve: 77%
Disapprove: 18%

[President Johnson]

February 2 ? 7, 1973: President Rockefeller?s first foreign trip



President Nelson Rockefeller and First Lady Happy Rockefeller, surrounded by reporters, visit the Brandenburg Gate in West Berlin; February 6, 1973

Just announced the day before, President Nelson Rockefeller departed from Washington for a five day trip abroad. The early departure for meetings with world leader underlines the importance of foreign policy in the Rockefeller Administration. The president, who has long been interested in Latin America, begun his trip in Mexico for political consultations, discussing a broad range of issues. Afterwards, Nelson Rockefeller made stops in Guatemala, Costa Rica and Panama, where he visited the canal zone. During his talks, the new head of state reaffirmed his support for negotiations to turn over the Panama Canal Zone to the small country. Insiders confirmed that President Rockefeller will soon a present new impulses for Latin America Policy to the nation and the world. On February 4, Air Force One flew to Europe. With stops in London, Paris, Rome and finally West Berlin, where the president met with important leaders. In Germany, he visited the Berlin Wall and spoke with Chancellor Brandt about d?tente. In a brief press conference, both leaders emphasized the need for closer cooperation on foreign policy towards the communist bloc.

While President Rockefeller returned home on February 7, Secretary of State Richard Nixon traveled to Asia, where he made stops in Vietnam, Thailand and Japan. On his way back home, Nixon also toured Europe and met a Soviet delegation in Geneva.


February 13, 1973: Secretary of State Nixon announces new negotiations with USSR



Following his first around-the-globe trip as Secretary of State, Richard Nixon announced a new round of negotiations with the USSR. The talks are scheduled to begin by summer 1973 and will consist not only a further reduction of conventional weapons, but also some elements of cooptation in other fields like a bilateral space mission. A year after President Johnson signed a historic treaty at Camp David, the new administration seeks to continue d?tente policies.


February 22, 1973

President Nelson Rockefeller?s Address to Congress




As announced in January, President Nelson Rockefeller was welcomed at Capitol Hill for a speech before a joint session of the congress. After a month in office, the new president went before lawmakers to outline his policies.

SPEAKER ALBERT: Ladies and Gentlemen, members of congress: It my high privilege and distinguished honor to present to you the President of the United States!

PRESIDENT ROCKEFELLER: Speaker Albert, Vice President Ford, members of the House and Senate, members of the cabinet, members of the judiciary and the diplomatic corps, distinguished guests and my fellow Americans: Thank you very much for the kind introduction. I am deeply grateful to stand before you today and, after one month in office, to make my policy suggestions for the months to come. I also want to thank you very much for the productive role the congress has played early in my administration. A special thanks goes to the senate for the quick and smooth confirmation of my cabinet. It is this spirit of cooperation and mutual respect to find pragmatic solutions I intend to keep with all of you. Thank you again. [Applause]

During the first four weeks of my presidency, I had the opportunity to talk with the citizens of our nation, with many of you, the elected representatives of the American people, business and labor leaders as well as other political activists who believe in the cause of America. These conversations, although sometimes of different opinions, gave me a greater sense of awareness of our challenges and problems. And an even greater understanding of our strengths, the lie in diversity, civility, decency and the firm believe in the United States of America. Today, I am here to present my suggestions for improving the lives of Americans, strengthen trust in government and promote world peace.

Let me begin with some domestic policy proposals. I am glad the House Speaker, my dear friend Carl Albert, has agreed to put the Equal Rights Amendment before the House floor. I urge each and everyone of you, including our senators, to pass this important amendment to our constitution. I feel it is a necessity to everything we can to eliminate discrimination wherever it exists. While this nation has made huge progress, despite much being left, on civil rights for our fellow black Americans, we also must tirelessly work to eliminate and discrimination of women. [Applause] I furthermore call for specific actions on a legislative basis such as a renewed equal-pay law. Where possible, I intend to use the executive powers of the presidency to ensure fair conditions. [Applause]

Ensuring fair conditions and a life in prosperity not just requires civil rights laws, it also requires good economic conditions. A functioning and modern infrastructure is a key to a strong economy and the road to prosperity. That is why I call upon the passage of a bold program to rebuild our roads, railways, airports and bridges. I am glad to inform you, that Secretary of Peterson and former Senator Goodell, who heads the president?s infrastructure counsel, will soon present a detailed plan to the public and lawmakers. Be assured that the congress will be involved and invited to contribute with own ideas for an even better solution.

Another factor to ensure a prospering America is preserving the natural beauties of our blessed land and to make sure, that every American breathes clean air and has access to clean water. Therefore, my administration already presented legislation for the creation for a national agency to coordinate these efforts. I want to thank Majority Leader Hubert Humphrey for his cooperation and the senate vote that took place yesterday. I hope the house can agree on this bill soon and send it to my desk for final approval. [Applause]

[?]

On the foreign policy front, I already had the opportunity to speak directly with members of the world community and head of state from our allies. In my discussions with West German Chancellor Willy Brandt, an outstanding man, we agreed to continue talks with the USSR to promote world peace. I look forward to fair negotiations on a wide range of issues. That includes a reduction of weapons. But I want to make it absolutely clear: America is, and will always remain, the greatest power in the world. There will be no doubt! Neither will there be any doubt that we stand to our commitments and defend ourselves and our friends. That includes South Vietnam. I will soon send a delegation that consists Democrats and Republicans to Saigon for further consultations. I want to thank Secretary Richard Nixon for his efforts during his world trip earlier that month.

[?]

Ladies and Gentlemen, despite all challenges, we have to unique opportunity to make America, on its way into the third century of its existence, a better place to live, work and prosper and a force for good in the world. Together, in the spirit of cooperation, let us go to work. Thank you very much.


February 28, 1973: New Gallup-poll

President Rockefeller continues to benefit from his honeymoon. His speech before congress was also well received by most Americans.

President Rockefeller job approval
Approve: 75%
Disapprove: 19%


March 3, 1973: President Rockefeller signs Economic Opportunities Act of 1973

Immediately after taking office, President Rockefeller appointed a commission under the leadership of Oregon Senator Mark Hatfield, to review the so-called ?War on Poverty?, a collection of social programs, that was enacted during the Johnson Administration. The goal was to review the success or failure of certain elements and make suggestions of improvements. In a record time, Senator Hatfield and his bipartisan group, presented a first bill for improvements. The new law now passed reorganized the Head Start Program that was overall considered a success but had some failing elements. Under the new regulations, the program?s administration was turned over the HHS Department. Advanced teacher training was also implemented under the legislation, which is the most far-reaching amendment to the original Economic Opportunities Act of 1964.


March 15, 1973: President Rockefeller signs milestone Environmental Protection Act of 1973 into law



Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelhaus is President Rockefeller's nominee for administrator of the newly established EPA

A cornerstone of Nelson Rockefeller?s policies has always been the preservation of the environment. In his last year as governor, he spent more on the environment than the whole federal government. Although the issue was just a random topic in the 1972 presidential campaign, the administration quickly introduced legislation to establish a national agency to oversee and coordinate environmental policy. With wide support among Democrats, the bill, considered a milestone, passed congress and was signed into law by President Rockefeller on March 15, 1973. The same day, President Rockefeller announced that he would nominate Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus as first administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Conservatives were not enthusiastic about the new law. Senator Barry Goldwater (R-AZ), who led the coalition against passage, said it would hurt business and increase federal bureaucracy.


March 31, 1973: Congress passes Equal Rights Amendment



Before the vote on the Equal Rights Amendment, demonstrators urged the congress to pass the measure. President Rockefeller supported their efforts

March 1973 was a very productive month at Capitol Hill: Following House passage of the Equal Rights Amendment, the senate now also passed the measure with the necessary two-thirds majority. President Rockefeller, who issued a proclamation to declare April ?Women?s equality month?, welcomed the passage and urged the states to ratify the amendment as fast as possible.


New Gallup-poll

President Rockefeller job approval
Approve: 76%
Disapprove: 19%


April 3, 1973: President Rockefeller announces tougher anti-drug policies



During a speech on April 3, President Rockefeller announced a tougher stance on drug policy and a national campaign against drug use

Drugs were an issue that many Republicans, and even some Democrats, felt that was neglected in the last years as the Johnson Administration did not much about it. President Rockefeller, aware that conservatives wanted him not just to focus on liberal issues, announced during a speech his administration would ?forcefully? act on the drug problems with a two-point plan: First, more education. HHS Secretary Margaret Chase-Smith was directed to oversee a national anti-drug campaign to educate young people about devastating consequences of drug use. The congress, following negotiations led by Vice President Ford, approved a 50 million dollar budget for the program. Second, a tough law-and-order policy: The president emphasized the need for a ?zero tolerance policy?. He urged states and municipalities to implement such policies and announced he would do so in the military.


Attorney General Agnew sharply attacks press after Rockefeller announcement



Attorney General Spiro Agnew attacked the press for their response to President Rockefeller's speech on drugs

Although President Rockefeller?s speech on drugs received some media attention, most papers didn?t make it first-page headlines. Some editorials even criticized the tough law and order policy, warning of negative consequences like overcrowded prisons. Attorney General Agnew, who was a stanch anti-drugs advocate, used the opportunity for national attention. On April 6, he sharply criticized the press during a speech: ?A small group of so-called experts in newspaper offices and self-appointed experts, willing to impose their out-of-touch views on the American people, criticized the president for making a tough stance of the epidemic of drugs. This is not just dangerous, it also demonstrates the lack of awareness of major problem. Furthermore, I find it troubling when certain newspapers try to play down the importance of this issue by making it third-rate article?. Conservatives and even some Democrats publically supported the attorney general in his assessment, while liberals and newspapers accused Agnew of ?self-promotion?. Senator George McGovern (D-SD) said Agnew was "the worst A.G. of my lifetime."

[President Johnson]

April 21, 1973

BREAKING: NORTH VIETNAM LAUNCHES MASSIVE SPRING OFFENSIVE

Forces of the North Vietnamese Liberation Front, in a violation to the Paris Peace Accords, launched a massive military offensive against the South. President Rockefeller to summon with advisors: First major test for the new administration.






It was not entirely unexpected as the news on April 21 broke: Communist forces of the North Vietnamese Liberation Front (NLF) begun to launch a massive military offensive against South Vietnam and the Thieu government. The offensive is a clear violation of the 1971 Paris Peace Accords. On the morning of this April 21, not even 100 days into the Rockefeller presidency, approximately 50,000 troops of the North crossed the demilitarized zone that separates the two Vietnamese countries. The invasion, supported by artillery, is aimed to force South Vietnam to finally give up and let the communist North take over the whole country. The two year period since the Paris Accords gave the North Vietnamese the opportunity to recover from the heavy loses of the preceding years. Meanwhile, the U.S. allied South Vietnam fell short of gaining own economic strength and heavily depends on American aid. Despite having almost a million man under arms, the Thieu regime struggled to beat off the offensive. Some American experts already estimated that the whole South could be “overrun” within a single month if the United States does not jump in. The question was: How determined was the Rockefeller Administration to respond?


President Rockefeller holds crisis meeting at the White House and weighs in various options



President Nelson Rockefeller quickly summoned his inner circle to evaluate the situation in Vietnam: In the Oval Office, he is joined by Vice President Gerald Ford and National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger

91 days into his presidency, Rocky faced the first major foreign policy crisis. Almost immediately after being briefed, the president cancelled all his meetings and public appearances for the next 48 hours to return to 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue. He assembled Vice President Ford, National Security Advisor Kissinger, Defense Secretary Romney and military leaders to the Oval Office for a crisis meeting. Secretary of State Nixon, for political talks in Israel, promptly went on board his airplane heading back to DC, what underlined the seriousness of the situation to the public.

Hawks in congress, especially the conservative wing of the Republican Party, already demanded a “forceful answer to communist aggression”, as Senator Barry Goldwater (R-AZ) remarked. The right GOP faction as well as some hawkish Democrats like Senator Scoop Jackson (D-WA), who opposed the treaty from the beginning on, saw their positions confirmed that the Paris Accords “weren’t worth the paper written on.” Governor Ronald Reagan, during a radio interview, even demanded to terminate the agreement. “The United States has shown goodwill under the previous administration, and what we have gotten in return is communist hostility and continuing violation of international law […] We must now send a signal, that the free world stands up to tyranny. It is obvious that communist regimes around the globe only understand force and bold action. I have full confidence in the administration to recognize this. We ought not to repeat the mistakes of the two previous administrations.”

For President Rockefeller, who said communist aggression would be retaliated with force during his campaign, it was critical long-term decision. On the one hand, he could hardly allow the South be overrun early in his tenure. On the other hand, a take-over could likely only be delayed and not prevented (sources claimed, that Henry Kissinger long before Rocky came into office privately expected South Vietnam to collapse by the middle of this decade) unless he was willing to commit American ground troops again. That was hardly an option anyway: Neither the congress was willing to approve enough funds for a ground war that failed already under Lyndon Johnson’s watch, nor was the American public ready for a larger U.S. involvement that would lead to thousands of deaths again.

Later the day, the White House confirmed that President Rockefeller would announce his response soon to the public.


Reports: U.S. Intelligence "severely underestimated threat"

Even before President Rockefeller was on air to announce what steps would be taken from his administration, various reports claimed that U.S. intelligence agencies hardly anticipated the spring offensive and its strength. As a result, the administration was obviously not prepared for any such military action of this magnitude what could further complicate an effective American response.

[President Johnson]

Late April 1973

President Rockefeller orders massive air strikes against NLF



South Vietnamese troops on a battlefield after the Vietcong withdrew from the place; May 5, 1973

Finally, on May 5, it was reported that the communist offensive came to a halt in Da Nang, South Vietnam. American air bombardments and troops from Saigon, supported by a small number of U.S. Special Forces, were able to stop the invaders, who lost at least 5,000 fighters within just two weeks. South Vietnamese President Thieu said forces under his command would now begin to push back and liberate those areas in the northern part of his country currently under NLF rule.

The success gives the United States and its ally at least some relief. Nevertheless, National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger reportedly told President Rockefeller and members of his cabinet in private conversations, that South Vietnam is not likely to survive the next 24 months. Especially the poor economic condition of the country was a major concern of Kissinger and his team. And apparantly a key factor why Hanoi felt another offensive would be worth fighting for, as they never abandoned their ultimate goal of a unified Vietnam under communist rule.


May 9, 1973: Congress approves aid package as president requests



The passage of South Vietnamese aid through an increasingly skeptical congress is mainly the success of Vice President Gerald Ford, who was in charge of the talks on the administration's behalf

On May 9, 1973, congress approved a 250 million dollar package of aid for South Vietnam. The passage wasn’t as easy as some members of the administration anticipated. It took Vice President Ford to take a major role to resolve the issue with increasingly skeptical lawmakers. Nevertheless, the package was just a temporary measure until the year’s end until it had be renegotiated. President Rockefeller announced consultations with Saigon and talks with congress to evaluate how much South Vietnam actually needs for the coming years.

[President Johnson]

May 29, 1973: President Rockefeller announces dramatic cuts in Space Program



President Nelson Rockefeller, at a dinner, said the American Space Program was a huge success, but announced its funding would be cut due to other priorities in the coming years.

As negotiations for the 1973/74 federal budget are going on, President Nelson Rockefeller announced that funding for the U.S. Space program would be cut by about half. Funding was already decreased during the last two fiscal years of the Johnson Administration, but LBJ rejected further cuts in the program he oversaw since the early 1960s. Now that the Rockefeller Administration plans spending increases in infrastructure, housing and the environment, other areas needed to save money in order to keep the federal budget somewhat in line. The president initially seemed open to break from his pledge not to cut defense spending, but Secretaries Nixon and Romney strongly urged to keep the defense budget as it was since such an attempt would alienate the conservative Republican faction.

On May 29, President Rockefeller and Democratic Senate Majority Leader Hubert Humphrey together announced that they came to a far-reaching overall agreement over the budget. Media observers wrote, that Rocky and HHH would get along very well behind the scenes.


May 31, 1973: New Gallup-poll

President Rockefeller's numbers dropped a little, but he remains overall very popular early into his administration.

President Rockefeller job approval
Approve: 71%
Disapprove: 22%


June 4 – 7, 1973: Ronald Reagan assigned to lead U.S. delegation to Vietnam



Governor Ronald Reagan during his visit in Saigon; he was put in charge to lead an American delegation

Ronald Reagan was not appointed Secretary of State, but Nelson Rockefeller is aware that he has still a significant base of support within the GOP. The California governor remained visible during the first moths of the Rockefeller presidency, but largely supported the commander-in-chief. Especially Rocky’s response to the Communist Spring offensive received praise from Reagan. Now the Gipper gets his involvement in foreign policies: He was appointed head of an American delegation to visit South Vietnam for political consultations. The delegation’s task was also to evaluate South Vietnam’s condition and make recommendations with regard to American aid. On his way back to America, Reagan also made a stop in Japan, with the president’s approval, for talks about Japanese investments in California.

Once returned home, the Reagan delegation recommended over a billion dollars in aid to South Vietnam for the year 1974. Senators like Ted Kennedy (D-MA) said this sum was “ridiculous” and would never pass congress. Although the issue seemed to be settled until December 31, Vietnam continued to be a concern for the Rockefeller Administration.


June 10, 1973: President Rockefeller signs Anti-Drug Laws



Back in April, the president announced a tougher stance on drug policy. A group of lawmakers around Senators Bob Dole (R-KS) and Birch Bayh (D-IN) subsequently worked out a package of bills to fight drug abuse. Since criminal law is mainly a state issue, the federal government could only implement measures within its authority. The military was a major factor here since several Republicans complained about drug abuse within the armed forces for a few years now. The bills include:

- The cornerstone of the entire package was the “Armed Forces Drug Responsibility Act”. This legislation allowed commanders immediate firing of drug consuming members of the armed forces. Furthermore, soldiers and commanders were required to report drug abuse immediately and could be imprisoned up to five years if they fail to do so.
- Drug Abuse and dealing within the District of Columbia, where the federal government has the power to legislate such matters, would be severely punished in the “D.C. Drug Abuse Reorganization Act of 1973”.
- The “Drug Prevention and Awareness Act” was a concession to moderates and liberals that authorized funds for a national anti-drug campaign. It also created a prevention program within the armed forces.

At the signing ceremony, Attorney General Spiro Agnew said his department would “forcefully implement” the new laws and spoke of a “zero tolerance policy”.

After the laws passed, several states announced to enact tougher statutes. Ronald Reagan called for it in California, while Nelson Rockefeller’s successor as governor, Malcolm Wilson, just signed the so-called “Wilson Drug Laws” the previous month.


June 15, 1973: At administration's pressure, U.N. Security Council condemns NLF offensive



UN Ambassador William Scranton played a key role in the resolution's passage

Two months after the NLF begun invading South Vietnam, the UN Security Council formally condemned the military operation as violation of international laws. In most recent weeks, President Rockefeller publically declared that such a resolution would be a pre-condition for the start of arms reduction talks with the USSR and potential negotiations with Red China. With this stance, he followed Secretary Nixon’s recommendation after the Soviets declined to stop arms delivery to Hanoi. Afterwards, UN Ambassador William Scranton was highly praised for his leadership within the UN and the process. Even Barry Goldwater spoke of "bold American leadership provided by the administration."

As of mid-June, the South Vietnamese ground forces where able to push back the invadors. Already earlier that month, President Rockefeller ordered the suspension of most air strikes.


June 24, 1973: President Rockefeller signs “Compensation Act of 1973” for Japanese Americans



On June 24, 1973, President Nelson Rockefeller just returned from a three-day trip to Japan. During his absence, congress passed the “Compensation Act of 1973” that appropriated compensation payments for Japanese Americans and their relatives who were de-facto imprisoned during World War II. In the years following 1942, at the order President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Japanese Americans living in the coastal areas of California where deported to certain camps due to the government’s fear of traitors and collaborators of the Japanese Empire. Rocky did not campaign on the issue, but a group of civil groups and organizations brought it to national attention in recent months. Back in February, President Rockefeller expressed his sympathy for legislation and called the internment a “deep injustice.” After the president signed the bill, he also issued a proclamation that formally revoked FDR’s Executive Order 9066 from February 19, 1942.


June 30, 1973: New Gallup-poll

President Rockefeller job approval
Approve: 73%
Disapprove: 21%

[President Johnson]

I like Romney and Scranton in this TL. Still RFK '80, but wouldn't terribly mind Romney either. I just hope Reagan's and Goldwater's wings are crushed for good, making it "Liberal Republicans vs Labour Democrats". Also, you write administration events very, very well! Good job!

Thanks! I think in any case a conservative wing of the Republican Party would certainly continue to exist and even be dominating in some states and maybe also get a candidate nominated under the right circumstances. For 1980, if the Republican nominee was to be a moderate or liberal, Romney would not be the most likely one in my opinion since he's even a year older than Rocky (four years with Reagan). Mark Hatfield, Richard Schweiker or Bill Scranton sound more plausible, possibly even John Anderson depending on how his career goes on. Ford to a lesser extent, since he never had presidential ambitions until he got into the Oval Office by succession.

[President Johnson]

In this timeline where Nixon becomes Sec. of State in ‘72, does he ever become Governor in 62 for California? I am too lazy to go read through all 10 pages

No, everything up to 1968 remains the same, but LBJ runs for another term and defeats Nixon with RFK, who survived the assassination attempt, as his running mate. In 1972, Nelson Rockefeller was elected president following a tough battle with Ronald Reagan over the Republican nomination and a close win over Bobby Kennedy in the general.

[President Johnson]

July 2, 1973: South Vietnam declares victory in spring offensive



Going into July, Saigon officially declared victory over the NLF in the most recent spring offensive. The Vietcong reportedly lost more than 15,000 troops since April, with at least 2,000 more missing. South Vietnamese casualties are about 900, while just three Americans were killed in action. The largest number of NLF soldiers retreated back to North Vietnamese territory, while U.S. intelligence believes that at least 3,000 fighters remain undercover on South Vietnamese soil and pose a danger with regard to potential sabotage acts. However, approximately 750 Vietcong members officially switched sides to escape the regime in Hanoi. While President Nguyen Van Thieu was skeptical in the beginning, Secretary of State Richard Nixon personally got involved and called upon Saigon to grant these deserters asylum or a legal status and not send them back. Originally, prisoners of war were exchanged in the 1971 Peace Accords, but that doesn’t apply to most recent cases.


July 5, 1973: Unpleased with CIA over Vietnam, President Rockefeller replaces Director Richard Helms


CIA Director Richard Helms (l) was forced out of office over his handling of Vietnam by President Rockefeller, who subsequently appointed Kenneth Rush to the post

“The CIA underestimated the threat of a North Vietnamese offensive in spring. Even when signals were strongly pointing in that direction, the agency acted too slow and too little, what put the Rockefeller Administration under heavy pressure once the invasion begun. Only the quick response of the administration, independent preparations by Secretary Romney and his team for a hypothetical offensive and a better than expected performance by Saigon prevented the NLF from much larger gains”, reads a recent New York Times article, citing a secret Pentagon report. Newspapers across America wrote already back in May, that the U.S. intelligence severely underestimated the threat. Now the Pentagon itself confirmed these allegations after George Romney ordered to study the issue.

According to insiders, pressure from the White House and Capitol Hill on CIA Director Richard Helms mounted during the month of June. On July 5, his immediate resignation from office was made public. President Rockefeller was reportedly very unpleased with the entire situation and ultimately forced Helms out of office. Although the director officially resigned, it was well known that the president wanted him go. Chief of Staff Anderson, Secretaries Nixon and Romney also recommended to replace him with a loyalist of their own. Shortly after the ouster, the White House announced that Deputy Secretary of State Kenneth Rush would be nominated as new director of the CIA. Rush, a Republican, has experience in foreign affairs since briefly served as Ambassador to West Germany under President Johnson before becoming Richard Nixon’s Deputy at the State Department.


July 14, 1973: President Rockefeller signs historic American Urban Development Act of 1973 into law





Above: The city of Detroit, ca. 1973; Below: President Nelson Rockefeller (r) in the midst of a crowd during the signing ceremony, with First Lady Happy Rockefeller (m) and Vice President Gerald Ford (l)

What sounded like an unspectacular legislation was in fact one of the most significant bills enacted in most recent years: The American Urban Development Act of 1973 creates a far-reaching urban (re)development program, worth ten billion dollars in just two years. Its goal is to build thousands of housing units for middle-class and low-income Americans, especially African Americans. “This legislation is also intended to eliminate slums as we know them and give hope to these communities”, remarked Housing Secretary Ivan Allen. Although many congressional Democrats, including Majority Leader Hubert Humphrey, favored a pure public option, the Rockefeller Administration and most Republicans favored a mixed public-private program. Ultimately, the Democrats agreed to a compromise presented by Vice President Ford, Secretary Allen and co-sponsoring senators Jacob Javits (R-NY) and Lloyd Bentsen (D-TX). As President Rockefeller said, the program may result into 20 billion dollars of investment into the economy and create new affordable living spaces for the average American “of all backgrounds”. HUD Secretary Ivan Allen and his department will oversee the implementation.

Neither the signing location nor date were selected by accident: July 14 was Vice President Gerald Ford’s 60th birthday and Detroit, a city with social problems and a large black community, was in his homestate of Michigan. With the signing ceremony, the president rewarded his second-in-command for the leading role he played in the legislative process in working with both Secretary Allen and lawmakers on Capitol Hill. The Washington Post wrote on Ford: “His selection for the vice presidency proved to be very useful for Rocky. Indeed, a major factor was the intention to help with legislation after his long congressional service and the high respect he obtained from both parties. In a certain way, Ford fills a similar role like RFK before him, who was also actively engaged the policy making.” And as various sources from the White House indicated, Rockefeller and Ford developed a close personal relationship following their inauguration since they barely knew each other before the successful 1972 campaign.


July 31, 1973: New Gallup-poll

President Rockefeller job approval
Approve: 70%
Disapprove: 22%

[President Johnson]

Early August 1973: As Justice Department implements anti-drug policies, the Agnew?McGovern feud gets personal


During a congressional hearing, Senator George McGovern and Attorney General Spiro Agnew couldn't hold back their mutual dislike for each other anymore

An August 4 report confirmed that, a month after the anti-drug laws went into effect, the Agnew Justice Department had already issued thousands of indictments against members of the Armed Forces and went after over 1,000 residents of Washington DC for drug abuse. During a congressional hearing, Attorney General Spiro Agnew defended his policies and emphasized the need for a ?zero tolerance approach on drugs?. In contrast, the Agnew Justice Department did not seem enthusiastic about the prevention programs the bill package included as well. Senator George McGovern (D-SD), a liberal icon, slammed the Justice Department for exaggerating the execution of the new law and its punishment elements. As Agnew was interviewed by the senate judiciary committee, the exchange between Agnew and McGovern went personal following a question by the senator:

SENATOR McGOVERN: Attorney General Agnew: Your department has been assigned to oversee the entire implementation of the drug laws President Rockefeller signed in June. How do you explain, that your department has already issued countless indictments against members of the Armed Forces and DC residents, but not even requested half of the appropriated sum for drug prevention programs?

HON. AGNEW: Senator, as you are well aware, my department is primarily responsible for upholding federal law in this country. And as I have outlined earlier, I am an advocate of a zero tolerance policy towards drugs. I am following the president's instructions and my own convictions on the issue of the horrific drug epedemic, that the last Democratic administration badly neglected. You are also well aware, that the prevention program for the military is managed by the Pentagon. The fact that you constantly keep pressing myself on the issue while you haven?t requested Secretary Romney to testify leads me to the conclusion that you are abusing your oversight role for ideological purposes. I reject that kind of approach. This is not the role of senate, Sir.

SENATOR McGOVERN: Mr. Agnew, I don?t need any lessons from you about the role of this congressional body. You ought to?

[interrupts] HON. AGNEW: But obviously about the rule of law in this country. You are well aware that Secretary Romney?

[Interrupts] SENATOR McGOVERN: With all due respect, Mr. Agnew! I strongly reject your unkind interruption and your attitude here. What do you think who you are? I tell you one thing: As senator, I am determining the questions here and you have an obligation to answer them properly! Now, again: Why didn?t you use the funds?

HON. AGNEW: I repeat, senator: Secretary Romney is responsible for the anti-drug campaign within the Armed Forces.

SENATOR McGOVERN: That is false. Under the law and an executive order by President Rockefeller, your department is coordinating the efforts. The Pentagon has only been assigned to reach out to members of the armed forces. To setup the program, your department is responsible and you neglected that part of the package. I conclude that this is for political reasons, as you solely seek to punish drug abusers instead of preventing them to get there in the first place or give them a second chance.

HON. AGNEW: Again, this is false and an outrageous accusation that vehemently reject.

SENATOR McGOVERN: You don?t accuse me of false accusations. Remember this. So, you basically admit to undermine the law and the president?s executive order?

HON. AGNEW: [laughs] This is ridiculous, senator. Will all due respect, your behavior today is unworthy of the senate.

SENATOR McGOVERN: Thank you. I don?t have any further questions. Instead, I will call upon President Rockefeller to relive you from duty.

HON. AGNEW: Good luck with that.

SENATOR McGOVERN: Thank you. I neither need your lessons about the rule of law and neither do I need any wishes.


As already expected, the personal feud at the hearing made national news. Although Senator McGovern publically called for Agnew?s firing, most members of the Democratic caucus didn?t follow him. Senate Majority Leader Humphrey also had harsh words for the attorney general, but said he was not in favor of his ouster. On the other hand, most Republicans in congress and out backed Agnew in public and accused McGovern of being ?weak on crime.? Governor Reagan even called him a "joke senator."

The next day, the White House issued a brief statement that President Rockefeller continues to have confidence in his attorney general after a private meeting with him and the vice president. The Justice Department subsequently announced that the full anti-drug campaign was being prepared for implementation, including the ?prevention programs.? Obviously, as the press wrote, the president was determined to calm down the emotions on the issue on both sides.


August 17, 1973: SALT II talks begin in Geneva



Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko and Secretary of State Richard Nixon at the Geneva opening conference for SALT II; August 17, 1973

After months of preparations, the SALT II talks between the United States and Soviet Union finally begun in Geneva, Switzerland. On behalf of the United States, Secretary of State Richard Nixon traveled to the negotiating site and met with his Soviet counterpart, Andrei Gromyko, for the opening convention. SALT II seeks to curtail the manufacture of strategic nuclear weapons. It was a continuation of the SALT I, which was signed in early 1972 at Camp David by President Lyndon B. Johnson and Secretary General Leonid Brezhnev for a reduction in conventional weapons. The negotiations now begun are the first nuclear arms treaty aimed real reductions in strategic forces and are expected to last about three years, scheduled for signing just before the 1976 presidential election.

At the conference, Nixon and Gromyko also announced that President Nelson Rockefeller and Secretary General Leonid Brezhnev intend to meet personally for the first time by fall or winter. President Rockefeller is also expected to meet with Soviet Prime Minister Alexei Kosygin at the UN General Assembly in New York in late September.


August 31, 1973: New Gallup polls

President Rockefeller job approval
Approve: 68%
Disapprove: 24%


September 1973: Chile ? the next foreign policy crisis

?An explosive atmosphere? and secret reports leaked



Chile's Socialist President Salvador Allende was never liked in Washington; as September began, his country was on the brink of a coup or civil war... and the Rockefeller Administration confronted with a new crisis

?An explosive atmosphere?, that?s how the new CIA Director Kenneth Rush described the situation in Chile. Over the past few months, tensions between the Socialist president Salvador Allende and the pro-Western conservative opposition, including parts of the armed forces, increased and caused a major rift within the South American country. Like the Johnson Administration before, the Rockefeller Administration largely ignored Allende in public. As secret reports revealed in August confirmed, then-President Johnson approved a secret CIA operation to prevent Salvador Allende from assuming power in the autumn of 1970. The operation led to the killing of General Schneider, but didn?t stop the socialist president from assuming power. And leaked reports further read: During a meeting on January 31, 1973, eleven days after taking office, President Rockefeller decided to isolate Chile from the world community and study possibilities to destabilize the Allende Government. However, the president said he wouldn?t be in favor of anything that provokes a civil war and even raised the possibility to tolerate Allende if he withdraws from his plans to put American businesses under governmental control.

The most recent upraise in Chile in these early days of September made the issue more pressing than ever. Most political observers expressed their assumption, that the turmoil was not solely a product of American interference, as the Cuban regime claimed, but the result of increasing tensions within Chile, that was now on the brink of either a coup d??tat or even a civil war. With Vietnam still being a concern, the Rockefeller Administration had to be prepared for a second front on another continent.


Attorney General Spiro Agnew: "I'm sick of government leakers"



Attorney General Spiro Agnew is back in the national spotlight: He sharply criticized government leakers and the role of the press. This time, leaked reports on Chile caused his most recent attacks

His feud with Senator McGovern was just out of the news, especially with the emerging crisis in Chile, when Attorney General Spiro Agnew again sought national attention. This time, it was on the issue of Chile itself, where he slammed government leaks. On September 1, the Attorney General told the press: ?Why I am reading classified reports about secret operations President Johnson ordered in 1970? Why do I permanently read what President Rockefeller, Vice President Ford, Secretaries Nixon and Romney or Doctor Kissinger said behind closed doors? Members of the administration talk about an issue of national security, and the next day I read protocols of these very discussions in the newspapers. This leaking is disgraceful and has to stop. I?m sick of these leakers. We ought to do something about it. And I will do something.? When asked what he meant, Agnew replied: ?You will find out soon. We have to go after these unpatriotic bums. What they are doing is against the law and against morality.? And he continued by attacking the press: ?But it is not just the leakers. Various newspapers in this country are more interested in top-headlines and profits rather than our national security. I expect the press to return classified information to the government instead of publishing them. Unfortunately, these papers and their managing directors have lost that kind decency in their war against the American government.? Agnew also added that he considers to issue lawsuits against newspapers printing secret reports. ?I will go to the Supreme Court if necessary?, he remarked.


Chile: Different opinions within the administration, President Rockefeller to decide soon



On September 3, 1973, President Nelson Rockefeller (center) sits down with Secretaries Richard Nixon (l) and George Romney to discuss Chile. As Nixon and Romney favored different approaches, it was on the president to decide how to proceed for the American part

On September 3, President Rockefeller assembled all his major advisors on foreign policy matters and discussed various options. White House leaks revealed that Secretary of State Richard Nixon was in favor of either allowing Allende to be ousted with violence or even contribute to his downfall through secret operations. ?That S.O.B. has to be gone?, he reportedly said. Others like Vice President Gerald Ford and Defense Secretary George Romney warned about a bloody coup and urged the president to try to resolve the matter through diplomacy since Allende still had a lot of support from the people of Chile. ?Allende has either to step down voluntarily because he can?t effectively govern anymore, or form a unity government?, Romney is quoted. National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger favored some middle road: A unity government without Allende. The question was now: Which of these options presented to him, if any, would President Nelson Rockefeller chose?

[President Johnson]

September 5, 1973: President Rockefeller calls for “unity government in Chile”, offers to send Kissinger for talks



President Nelson Rockefeller during his remarks on Chile

On September 5, 1973, at the White House and following intense consultations with key players of his administration and members of congress, President Nelson Rockefeller personally gave a press statement:

PRESIDENT ROCKEFELLER: Good afternoon Ladies and Gentlemen, my fellow Americans: With regard to recent developments in Chile, I want to outline the policies of my administration upon which I have decided after careful consideration. […]
Looking at the situation that emerged in Chile over past few days, on the behalf of the United States of America, I call for a government of national unity in Chile. That requires a participation of all major political forces, who are engaged in one form or another in this conflict. It is obvious that the Socialist government led by President Salvador Allende has lost its ability to effectively govern. On the other hand, we do not a have a succeeding government which is capable to take over the nation’s business or has enough public support. The United States government, in the interest of stability in the Western Hemisphere, regards it as essential that the explosive situation currently exists gets resolved peacefully. A potential bloody coup or a civil war must be avoided to prevent political turmoil and the loss of innocent lives. The most recent development made it inevitable that a government of national unity is being formed that is able to garner enough support among the people of Chile.
I hereby offer all political players in Chile to send a delegation led by my National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger to Chile for talks to form a national unity government. I also phoned with the president of Mexico, who is also ready to send diplomats to Chile, as Mexico has vital interest in stability on the American continents as well. Now, I want to conclude by expressing my hope that this urgent situation can be resolved peacefully. Thank you very much.

REPORTER: Mr. President, does that mean President Allende has to go?

PRESIDENT ROCKEFELLER: That question has to be determined by the people of Chile and their representatives. It is no secret that we have vast differences of opinion with Mr. Allende, but his future is not ours to decide. Our main goal is stability and the safety of American citizens in Chile, including a protection of U.S. businesses from confiscation, as Mr. Allende intended to do so far. Thank you.


Following his announcement, the journalists remarked that Rocky basically followed George Romney’s advice to handle the Chilean conflict through a diplomacy. Or at least attempting to do so. He reportedly rejected Richard Nixon’s call for a harsher stance, like ousting Allende through covered action, for the moment. However, the president largely left open whether he wanted Allende to be removed from office at any price. According to insiders, Rocky’s main goal is a change in policy – with or without Allende. And he hopes to archive that by allowing the Christian Democrats of Chile to join the government – a move that Allende rejected before. As it was reported, members of the Rockefeller Administration and Kissinger’s team already reached out to the center-right democratic opposition. What came as surprise is the alliance with Mexico, whose government agreed to participate in potential talks within Chile. As White House Chief of Staff John B. Anderson told to a reporter in private, this move is embedded a new Latin America policy Nelson Rockefeller intends to implement. As Anderson said, the president is scheduled to give a major foreign policy speech within the next months to announce what’s called the “Rockefeller Doctrine”.


September 7 – 10, 1973: Before official Chilean response, situation gets out hand: President Allende disappeared, General Pinochet killed



The presidential place in Santiago was under attack by the Chilean military, but President Allende was no longer in town. During the operation, General Pinochet was killed by an Allende supporter

Before President Salvador Allende officially responded to President Nelson Rockefeller’s offer, the situation in Chile got out of control: Military leaders under the command of General Augusto Pinochet decided to oust the socialist president with force and started an offensive against the presidential palace. “That is the last thing we need, these goddamn generals!”, an angry President Rockefeller reportedly said when he learned about the situation. Following September 8, complete chaos broke out; confusing and contradicting news came out of Chile. On September 9, General Pinochet, a leader of the opposition who was a potential replacement for Allende, was fatally shot by an Allende-supporting officer. Although many of his supporters were engaged in – often violent – protests, the situation calmed down by September 10. Allende himself had his last public appearance on September 7, when he urged workers to fight for the socialist cause. Afterwards he disappeared and even American intelligence was unable to say what happened to him. American journalists wrote that he was either killed, or – more likely – hided somewhere.

While the Rockefeller Administration seemed extremely worried about the situation, Senator Scoop Jackson (D-WA), a hawk, was the first on Capitol Hill to call for a U.S. intervention to restore public order. Defense Secretary Romney immediately rejected such “premature action”.


September 11/12, 1973: Allende in Cuban exile, Chilean military forms interim government



Chilean President Salvador Allende escaped to Cuba, where Fidel Castro granted him asylum. Both Socialist leaders accused the U.S. of a coup in Chile

On September 11, Cuba’s Fidel Castro confirmed that Salvador Allende went into Cuban exile. It was unclear whether he planned to return and what would happen to his supporters and government officials in Chile.

The next day, the Chilean military formed an interim government of various generals and issued a nationwide curfew to further calm down protests. President Rockefeller publically welcomed the move, but emphasized the need for a quick democratic legitimation for any new government.


September 13, 1973: Henry Kissinger goes to Chile




National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger, joined by Senators Mark Hatfield (R-OR) and Frank Church (D-ID), was sent to Chile for political consulatations

On September 13, the White House announced a delegation led by National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger is heading to Chile for political consultations and resolve the crisis. The U.S. delegation is also joined by Senators Mark Hatfield (R-OR) and Frank Church (D-ID), with whom the president consulted recently. “I sincerely hope we can play a productive role here”, Senator Church commented upon his departure. Both senators are known for a more dowish foreign policy.

Once arrived in Santiago de Chile, talks between Chilean officials, the U.S. delegation, joined by a group of Mexican diplomats, begun and lasted for three days. First, it seemed as the negotiations would fail since Allende’s supporters and his Socialist Party refused to participate. From his Cuban exile, Allende accused the U.S. government of a coup, saying President Rockefeller had ordered his ouster. The White House responded by rejecting these claims and stated that Allende put his country into chaos. Nevertheless, on September 16, 1973, Kissinger was able to present an agreement with the interim military government and the center-right democratic opposition: A regular election was scheduled to take place in January 1974 to legitimize a new government. Both the parliament, where the opposition to Allende had a majority, and a new president would be elected under the agreement. Immediately after, the socialist party called upon their supporters to boycott the new election. In Cuba, Allende stated such an election would be illegitimate and influenced by the United States. Nevertheless, the situation in Chile itself further calmed down by mid-September, despite large demonstrations by members of the Socialist Party against Kissinger’s visit.

When he returned home, Henry Kissinger and the congressional delegation were praised for their leadership. President Rockefeller thanked them as well as the Mexican government for their cooperation. At least for the moment, the crisis in Chile was somewhat resolved, as a socialist president was de facto removed from power and the center-right parties had a decent chance to take power in Chile, causing the nation to become a more reliable partner for the United States as President Rockefeller was preparing for a great speech on Latin America policy by early next year.


September 26, 1973: President Rockefeller meets with Soviet Premier Kosygin in New York


At the UN General Assembly, Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin and President Nelson Rockefeller met for a personal exchange

On September 26, 1973, President Nelson Rockefeller for the first time addressed the UN General Assembly on behalf of his nation as head of state. During his speech, Rocky welcomed the world community to his hometown of New York and underlined his commitment to a strong transatlantic relationship, détente with the USSR and a new approach towards Latin and South America. Afterwards, he met for a private conversation with Primer Alexei Kosygin of the Soviet Union. Not much was made public afterwards, only that the two leaders reportedly had a “productive discussion with mutual respect for each other”. It was also confirmed that a date when the president is expected to meet with Secretary General Brezhnev would soon be announced.


September 30, 1973: New Gallup polls

After a little more than eight months in office, President Rockefeller remains at a high popularity level. Americans gave him credit for his handling of foreign policy in particular.

President Rockefeller job approval
Approve: 70%
Disapprove: 23%

[President Johnson]

October 6, 1973 – BREAKING: WAR OUTBREAK IN THE MIDDLE EAST!



On October 6, Arab forces started a massive offensive against Israel

Breaking News: On Jewish Yom Kippur, Arab Forces launched a preemptive offensive against Israel in order to regain territories lost in the 1967 six-day war. Despite rising tensions over the year, the attack by Syrian and Egyptian combat troops surprised American ally of Israel, who was not prepared for such a massive invasion. Egyptian and Syrian forces crossed ceasefire lines to enter the Sinai Peninsula as well as the Golan Heights respectively. This development will dramatically affect world policies including the American-Soviet relations.


President Rockefeller condemns offensive and threatens harsh response



In an immediate reaction, President Rockefeller expressed his support for Israel, called upon an end of the invasion and threatened the Arab Forces to respond with force

Vietnam, Chile and now the Middle East: Within just ten months, the Rockefeller Administration was confronted with a third international crisis since taking office. Only hours after the news of the war outbreak came, President Nelson Rockefeller publically condemned the “hostile action” by Arab powers. He also called upon Moscow to condemn hostility and call for an immediate ceasefire. The president added that the United States was prepared to assist its ally of Israel if necessary with ground and air force. The president also instructed the Pentagon to assist Israel with military equipment immediately. When asked whether the US was already engaged with Special Forces, he declined to answer but said that any attack against an American would be answered forcefully. “If the invaders question my determination, they should ask Hanoi what happened after they chose to invade South Vietnam”, he bluntly added. “Are air strikes on the table?”, asked a reporter when the chief executive spoke to the press. And he replied: “That you will find out. I hope this situation can be resolved peacefully. We are open for talks, but we don’t accept unjustified military action against our allies or ourselves. The Rockefeller/Ford Administration is determined to defend freedom wherever it is under siege and we're called upon to help.”

UN Ambassador William Scranton immediately called for a resolution of the Security Council to condemn the invasion. However, the USSR so far showed little interest to join such an effort against their Arab allies in the region. According to reports from October 8, President Rockefeller used the so-called Red Telephone to talk to Secretary General Brezhnev. Even though no details of the conversation went public, the Politburo called for a ceasefire on October 9 and negotiations about the territories Israel gained following the six-day war in 1967.


Course of the War and Richard Nixon’s peace mission



Israeli forces during their counter attack in mid-October 1973

After three days, Israel had mobilized most of its forces and halted the Arab invasion, supported by an American Special Forces. According to press reports, the U.S. involvement was secret operation President Rockefeller authorized on October 7. Neither the White House nor the Pentagon gave any official information on the mission. Soon after Israel began to counter the invasion, a military stalemate emerged. The Syrian attacks focused on the Golan Heights were also beaten off within less than a week. Afterwards, the Israeli forces went into the offensive and moved miles into Syria. After ten days, the U.S. ally came close to the Syrian capital Damascus and both the Egyptians and Syrians were under heavy pressure. The Israelis also counter-attacked the Egyptian forces and moved into the neighbor’s territory close to Suez. The USSR, on October 18, strongly condemned the Israeli counter-offensive and called upon President Rockefeller to intervene. However, the White House declined.



Secretary of State Richard Nixon played a key role in the negotiations with Moscow on a UN Resolution

Meanwhile, on October 19, Secretary of State Richard Nixon met with his Soviet counterpart Alexei Gromyko in Bonn, Germany (a meeting that West German Chancellor Willy Brandt set up). Over the course of the conversation, both chief diplomats agreed upon a UN Security Council Resolution to request an end to hostile actions on both sides. As it was reported, both President Rockefeller and Secretary General Brezhnev, who would make the ultimate decisions, finally approved the paper their two cabinet members worked out. After the White House assured Moscow to influence Israel to withdraw to its own territory, the Politburo promised to urge its Arab allies to end all hostile actions and support the resolution. On October 20, Secretary Nixon directly flew to Jerusalem and met with members of the Israeli government to persuade them of the planned resolution.

Ultimately, on October 22, the Security Council passed the resolution with Ambassador Bill Scranton at the forefront of the efforts on behalf of the United States. In the paper, both sides agreed on a ceasefire effective October 24. Nevertheless, both sides blamed each other for causing the crisis. Richard Nixon remarked that the "status-quo before the invasion must quickly be restored" and that "negotiations on a long-term settlement" are necessary to prevent future conflicts like the Yom-Kippur-War. "It's very urgent that a lasting peace comes along, because the Middle East could be the starter point for a third world war", the secretary warned.

However, even though the invasion failed badly and Israel was able to maintain its territory, the war’s political consequences have to be seen. Especially the Arab world was eager to hurt Israel and the United States at another front.


Late October 1973: OPEC imposes oil embargo on US, reduces oil production causing rising prices – is an economic meltdown looming?



On October 25, a day after the Yom-Kippur-War formally came to an end, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Abu Dhabi, Kuwait and Qatar raise posted prices by 17% to $3.65 per barrel and announced production cuts. In addition, an embargo was imposed on the United States and some if its allies like South Africa. This was also a response to President Nelson Rockefeller’s most recent request to congress, to grant Israel additional two billion dollars in aid.

The most recent developments could result into major impacts for the economy, both in the United States and worldwide. As autumn progressed and a new winter was to come within a month or two, the new administration may be confronted with a new and far-reaching crisis. “If a recession emerges, all the successes with détente will be nothing more than sideline notes”, a New York Times reporter wrote, “if gas prices go up, unemployment rises and inflation unveils, President Rockefeller’s greatest concern might not be the Soviet, Chinese or Vietnamese communists. It may be a looming economic downturn, linked to foreign policy issues. This has the potential to become the greatest challenge of Nelson Rockefeller's presidency, but at least, assuming he gets his mandate renewed in 1976, of his first four year term in the Oval Office.”

[President Johnson]

October 30, 1973: As Stock Market crashes following OPEC announcement, Rockefeller Administration urges for calm



Immediately after the OPEC announcement, the Stock Market lost over 35% within 24 hours, resulting into the loss of billions of dollars in value. Some observers already spoke of a “Second Black Thursday”, referring to the 1929 crash that became the starting point for the Great Depression. However, the markets recovered faster than expected the days after. Consumer confidence only took a slight hit. While most high-ranking administration officials were unavailable (President Rockefeller was on a trip to Mexico, Vice President Ford toured Europe), a White House spokeswoman said the president would carefully evaluate the next steps after consultations with his cabinet and advisors. “A steady hand is required to handle this. We will be coming up with bold and smart response within a short period of time”, remarked Treasury Secretary Joseph Barr on October 28 in an effort to calm down citizens and markets alike. White House Chief of Staff John B. Anderson, the same day, said the administration would push for a “new energy policy” and speed up existing efforts.


October 31, 1973: New Gallup polls

President Rockefeller job approval
Approve: 64%
Disapprove: 26%


November 1, 1973: President Rockefeller responds to OPEC: New energy policy, trade agreements and retaliation



Back from his trip to Mexico, President Nelson Rockefeller announced his administration’s policies in reaction to the recent OPEC decision for an embargo and production cuts. During a press statement, he sharply criticized OPEC members and blamed Egypt and Syria for the war outbreak in October. Meanwhile, the chief-executive strongly reaffirmed support for Israel but also underlined America’s the openness for productive talks. Rocky then went on to announce a series of decisions he made to deal with the situation. Some are short-term moves – that could theoretically be taken back if necessary – as well as measures embattled in a broader political strategy. President Rockefeller announced the following steps:

- A cornerstone and long-term issue was a new energy policy, aiming more independence from foreign markets. Under an Executive Order the president just signed, a commission was established to make specific proposals. In addition, the White House intends to ask congress the creation of a new Energy Department at the cabinet level.
- On a short term basis, the Administration wants to increase US oil production and imports from Canada; an energy bill currently in the making intends to deregulate the energy market.
- As President Rockefeller is about to establish a new Latin America policy, trade negotiations may include oil purchases from South America as well in exchange for U.S. technology. Secretary of Commerce John Connally has been directed to explore such options.
- At the president’s order, certain trade sanctions on OPEC members were imposed.

The president received praise from both parties for the measures he presented to the public, though conservatives expressed skepticism about a new Energy Department. Governor Paul Laxalt (R-NV), who just announced his bid for the senate, said it would have “little effect” but lead to “a lot of bureaucracy.” Many Democrats, including Senate Majority Leader Hubert Humphrey, were open for the creation of such a department, but oppose planned deregulations of the energy market.

The press was reluctant about oil purchases from South America and described that part of Rocky’s plan primarily as an instrument to pressure the Arab world, which also depended on oil sales.


November 15, 1973: Unimpressed by OPEC, congress passes and President Rockefeller signs Aid for Israel



As requested by the Rockefeller Administration, congress passed an almost two billion dollar aid package for Israel following the Yom-Kippur War. The bill received support from an overwhelming majority of Democrats and Republicans alike and was subsequently signed into law by Nelson Rockefeller. The main part of the gigantic sum is for a military buildup and border security measures.

The next day, OPEC announced a further 5% cut in oil production as a direct response to the new program for Israel. Secretary of State Richard Nixon immediately slammed the move and said that the United States wouldn’t let OPEC dictate American foreign policy.


Aid Package also includes South Vietnam, victory for administration

Back in spring, Ronald Reagan – at the president’s request – presented plans for a post-war aid program to South Vietnam that found Rocky’s strong support. South Vietnam and its military and economic strength became an even more urgent priority following the North’s spring offensive earlier this year if America wanted to preserve its sovereignty. Although congressional passage of the Reagan plan, worth more than a billion dollars a year, seemed doubtful from the beginning on, President Rockefeller saw the program for Israel as an opportunity to hammer this one through as well: He insisted to pass a joint aid package that includes aid for both countries in a single legislation. Democratic House Speaker Carl Albert and Senate Leader Hubert Humphrey ultimately agreed in an exchange for an extension of humanitarian aid for South Vietnam following a meeting with the president, the vice president and the White House Chief of Staff. Governor Ronald Reagan himself continued to lobby for the plan in Washington and testified before congress. The media subsequently described the aid package as a great victory for Rocky, especially on Vietnam. Right afterwards, National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger said the administration would now focus on a long-term strategy to stabilize Saigon for making a permanent two-state solution possible.


Closing days of November 1973: President Nelson Rockefeller and Secretary General Leonid Brezhnev meet in Alaska


Sooner than anticipated this announcement was being made: On November 21, 1973, the White House and the Kremlin confirmed that a first personal meeting between President Nelson Rockefeller and Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev is scheduled for November 27 and 28. Alaska, where Mr. Brezhnev only had to cross the Bering Street, was chosen as location for the bilateral talks; absence from the two capitals but at a site where both superpowers were extremely close geographically.

On the afternoon of November 27, the two leaders met for the first time in a mansion outside of Anchorage and were joined by a relatively small group of government and staff members. Secretaries and Nixon and Romney were also present and had talks with their Soviet counterparts. In addition, dozens of international journalists covered the event and were granted wide access to the delegations. The first face-to-face meeting between the president and the secretary general, only joined by translators, lasted for over two hours. Later, Secretary Nixon and Foreign Minister Gromyko participated with their respective bosses. Later at the evening, the two leaders and their delegations enjoyed dinner and a small concert together. It was even time for some jokes, when Mr. Brezhnev remarked that “selling beautiful Alaska with all its natural resources in 1867 was the dumbest thing Russia has ever done.”

On November 28, the two leaders continued their discussions and later came together with all notable representative of their delegations. At the afternoon, President Rockefeller and Secretary General Brezhnev, joined by Secretary Nixon and Gromyko, gave a joint press statement to the world by reaffirming their support for détente and the ongoing SALT II talks. “Our dialogue these two days took place in a spirit of cooperation, mutual respect and the awareness of our responsibility for world peace”, President Rockefeller remarked. “Nevertheless, we also identified a vast number of difference between our two countries. That includes aspects of the Middle East, Chile and Eastern Europe. Especially in the latter, I expressed my dissatisfaction with human rights, freedom of speech and the press as well as the treatment of political opponents”, he continued. Mr. Brezhnev spoke of “sovereign nations with a strong relation to the USSR, who should handle their inner problems without US influence”. He also reaffirmed Soviet support for their Arab Allies in the Yom-Kippur-War, but pointed out his support for negotiations between the regional powers and that he hoped to play – together with the Rockefeller Administration – a productive role in the Middle East. The secretary general further remarked that he would favor OPEC to withdraw from their embargo against the United States. But he also brought up Chile by demanding the return of Salvador Allende to power. President Rockefeller concluded by announcing that his administration intends to increase grain deliveries to the Soviet Union, where famines frequently occurred over the past decades. At the end, both heads of state emphasized their intention to meet again sooner or later.

According to insiders, some conservatives within the GOP were unhappy about Rocky’s not too harsh tone towards Moscow and the fact that the additional grain sales, although beneficial for American farmers, to the USSR were made unconditional (the president was quoted that he sees them as an act of humanity). However, the press covered the Alaska meetings in a positive light and the president’s approval ratings went up again. Especially his foreign policy was overwhelmingly supported by the American public.


November 30, 1973: New Gallup polls

President Rockefeller job approval
Approve: 67%
Disapprove: 25%


Questions

Q: Do you support increased American aid to Israel?
Yes: 76%
No: 14%
Undecided: 10%

Q: Do you support increased American aid for South Vietnam?
Yes: 55%
No: 24%
Undecided: 21%

Q: Do you approve or disapprove President Rockefeller's foreign policy in general?
Approve: 71%
Disapprove: 21%
Undecided: 8%

Q: Do you feel more or less safe in the world since President Rockefeller took office?
More safe: 33%
No change: 46%
Less safe: 10%
Undecided: 11%

Q: Do you approve or disapprove President Rockefeller's economic policy?
Approve: 53%
Disapprove: 24%
Undecided: 23%

Q: Do you approve or disapprove President Rockefeller's tougher drug policy?
Approve: 64%
Disapprove: 22%
Undecided: 14%

[President Johnson]

December 9, 1973: OPEC decides to freeze prices, cancelling further production cuts

Originally, OPEC discussed a further five percent oil production cut. At a minister?s conference, the planned move was now officially cancelled. Nothing was confirmed publically, but reports indicated the decision was a result of direct pressure from Moscow to its Arab Allies in the aftermath of the Rockefeller-Brezhnev meeting. The Kremlin declined to comment. Secretary of State Richard Nixon in a written statement welcomed the move and reaffirmed that the United States is ready to ?discuss the Middle East at any time with anyone interested in a lasting peace agreement.?


December 13, 1973: President Rockefeller approves grain deliveries for USSR



Soon after President Rockefeller approved grain shipments to the USSR, the first ships in American harbours were already loaded

Four days after OPEC cancelled another production cut, allegedly from Leonid Brezhnev?s pressure, President Nelson Rockefeller approved large grain deliveries to the USSR. The White House declined to say whether the decision was in direct relation to the OPEC developments, but the public widely assumed so. Agriculture Secretary John Anderson commented the move would be beneficial for American farmers in the Great Plains, as the US enjoyed a large overproduction in grain. On the other hand, the Soviet Union needed additional food imports since the communist economy was struggling under the large defense budget.


December 30, 1973

New York Times: Rocky?s remarkable successful first year





As the year 1973 was coming to a close, the New York Times wrote an editorial on Nelson Rockefeller?s performance as president in his first twelve months in office. The article?s highlights summarized:

Although domestic policy was paid less attention to than anticipated after his election victory, President Rockefeller?s first year record is not free of achievement at the domestic front. First, his administration passed a bold environmental protection bill, setting up an own agency (EPA) for overseeing and coordinating federal efforts. In this area, Rocky is following into the footsteps of another Republican and former New York governor who pursued an extraordinary progressive environmental policy: Teddy Roosevelt. During his administration, President Lyndon Johnson made the environment a priority again and President Rockefeller, already engaged in this field as governor of the Empire State, now continued and expanded these efforts. Next, the Rockefeller Administration reorganized the war on poverty and federal aid to education, resulting into leaner processes, less cost and a record number of enrollments in the Head Start Program. And despite the fact that its effects remain to be seen, a historic urban development program has been enacted this summer that is designed to improve life conditions in cities and eliminate slums.

What the president should concern, though, are the rising costs of these programs. The 1973/74 federal budget is running a 14 billion dollar deficit, not included an infrastructure package and tax cuts the administration plans to implement in the months to follow. Inflation is on its way up, hitting 6% last quarter. The overall economy under Nelson Rockefeller?s presidency has done well, but underperformed expectations so far. Especially November and December 1973 growth slowed down as a result of the oil crisis. With the effects of the oil crisis still not entirely foreseeable, the government must be prepared for an economic downturn in 1974.

In foreign policy, the first year of the Rockefeller presidency was truly remarkable. Not only was the administration confronted with three major crisis abroad, of whom only Vietnam was somewhat foreseeable by last January, it also opened a new chapter in negotiations with the USSR on a SALT II treaty. That treaty, if approved after the talks finish, would certainly be an important step towards a more stable and safe world, despite the fact that conflicts in the Middle East, South East Asia, Africa and Latin America as well as other hotspots around the globe remain a source of turmoil.

But the past year proved President Rockefeller?s team is actually well prepared for these challenges: After his election, Nelson Rockefeller assembled rational and competent men around him. Richard Nixon at the State Department proved to be an effective chief-diplomat, remaining visible while carrying out the president?s policies. Additionally, it allows Mr. Nixon to shape history after his two failed White House bids in an area, he was always very interested in: Foreign policy. Mr. Kissinger reshaped the role of National Security advisor, becoming an influential advisor to his boss and even conducting important trips abroad, negotiating on America?s behalf. His previous contacts to foreign leaders are certainly an asset in his role. And despite their lack of experience in foreign policy, George Romney and William Scranton did in fact gain stature in their posts as Defense Secretary and UN Ambassador respectively. Both advised the president on key decisions and were able to translate their own ideas into action. Mr. Romney in being a voice for diplomacy and reorganizing the Pentagon and Mr. Scranton as power broker at the UN.

Other members of the Rockefeller Administration also held a high public profile such as Vice President Gerald Ford, who played an important role in administration?s efforts to pass measureable items at Capitol Hill. Additionally, he contributed with own ideas on areas he was assigned to work on. Mr. Ford?s performance shows that the role of vice president has altered since Robert Kennedy held to job in the previous term. However, the most controversial figure of this executive branch is undoubtedly Attorney General Spiro Agnew, who not just put forward a series of contentious policies, he also lambasted at lawmakers such as his favorite opponent George McGovern. But no matter whether we have to agree with Mr. Agnew?s approach or not, he?s certainly an individual who stands for his principals, ready to take any fight with politicians of contradicting ideals. The president is not likely, and would be ill advised, to abandon his former rival, giving the fact that he received strong support from law-and-order advocates. President Rockefeller is well-aware that the coalition of pragmatists, both from the liberal and conservative corners, must be glued somehow together. If he moves too far to the left or right, he could quickly get into more unfriendly territory. So far, he prevailed due to his political skills and the able team he put together. How that all turns in 1974, remains to be seen.


December 31, 1973: New polls, including the first ones for 1976!

Going into 1974, President Nelson Rockefeller's approval rating remains at a high level. A very early look into 1976 shows that he's polling well among Republicans as well, while Bobby Kennedy is still the Democrat's favorite. Without RFK, the crowd of potential contenders is without a clear favorite. Meanwhile, President Rockefeller beats all challengers in a hypothetical match-up.

President Rockefeller job approval
Approve: 65%
Disapprove: 28%


1976 Republican Party presidential nomination

President Nelson Rockefeller: 87%
Someone else/undecided: 13%


1976 Democratic Party presidential nomination

Former Vice President Robert F. Kennedy: 27%
Senator George McGovern: 13%
Governor Jimmy Carter: 10%
Senator Edmund Muskie: 10% 60
Governor Albert Brewer: 9%
Senator Scoop Jackson: 5%
Senator Lloyd Bentsen: 4%
Governor Reubin Askew: 4%
Former Secretary of State Nicholas Katzenbach: 3%
Representative Mo Udall: 3%
Governor Milton Shapp: 2%
Senator Frank Church: 2%
Senator Robert Byrd: 2%
Someone else/undecided: 6%


1976 Democratic Party presidential nomination (without Robert Kennedy)

Governor Jimmy Carter: 18%
Senator George McGovern: 17%
Governor Albert Brewer: 14%
Senator Edmund Muskie: 12%
Senator Scoop Jackson: 8%
Senator Lloyd Bentsen: 5%
Governor Reubin Askew: 5%
Former Secretary of State Nicholas Katzenbach: 3%
Representative Mo Udall: 3%
Governor Milton Shapp: 2%
Senator Frank Church: 2%
Senator Robert Byrd: 2%
Someone else/undecided: 9%


1976 hypothetical general election match-ups

Nelson Rockefeller (R, inc.): 51%
Robert F. Kennedy (D): 44%

Nelson Rockefeller (R, inc.): 54%
George McGovern (D): 38%

Nelson Rockefeller (R, inc.): 51%
Jimmy Carter (D): 42%

Nelson Rockefeller (R, inc.): 52%
Edmund Muskie (D): 41%

Nelson Rockefeller (R, inc.): 51%
Albert Brewer (D): 43%

Nelson Rockefeller (R, inc.): 51%
Scoop Jackson (D): 41%

Nelson Rockefeller (R, inc.): 52%
Lloyd Bentsen (D): 40%

Nelson Rockefeller (R, inc.): 51%
Reubin Askew (D): 42%

Nelson Rockefeller (R, inc.): 52%
Nicholas Katzenbach (D): 42%

Nelson Rockefeller (R, inc.): 53%
Mo Udall (D): 38%

Nelson Rockefeller (R, inc.): 52%
Milton Shapp (D): 39%

Nelson Rockefeller (R, inc.): 54%
Frank Church (D): 40%

Nelson Rockefeller (R, inc.): 54%
Robert Byrd (D): 38%


Late December 1973: What?s the road ahead for Bobby Kennedy?



What's Bobby Kennedy's role in the time ahead?

It?s been remarkably quiet around former Vice President Bobby Kennedy since his narrow loss to Nelson Rockefeller in the 1972 election. He rarely commented political developments and kept a low-profile in few public appearances in New York, where he stayed for the most time after leaving office in January 1973. But what?s to road ahead for RFK, who just turned 48 this November? Various sources now claim that the former vice president conducted a series of meetings with Democratic Party officials in the closing days of this year. Although his office declined for comment, speculation quickly arose he might be eying a new political involvement. Something, he didn?t rule out after stepping down from the vice presidency despite emphasizing that it was not on his immediate mind. But has that changed now? Polls indicate, that he is still very popular among the Democratic base and its liberal wing. A plurality of Democrats has him as their favorite presidential candidate; and it wouldn?t be a surprise to try again after narrowly losing the presidency (see Richard Nixon, even though he failed in 1968). Nevertheless, media observers described it as unlikely that he would challenge President Rockefeller in what is now a little less than three years.


RFK for governor?

So far, if he runs for elected office again, there are three major options: Challenging incumbent Republican Jacob Javits for the senate this coming fall election. However, that may result into a 1970 situation: Javits, one of the most liberal Republicans in Washington and a Rockefeller ally, is likely to face a challenge from New York?s Conservative Party (a split from the state?s Republican Party, whose members were unsatisfied with then-Governor Rockefeller?s policies). Kennedy and Javits might just split the liberal vote and allow a conservative to get elected as James Buckley did in 1970 when he beat incumbent liberal Republican Charles Goodell and another Democrat for RFK?s old senate seat. From that prospective, it might be more useful to run against Buckley in 1976 if he?s running as the candidate for the Republicans and the conservatives. Another option for Bobby that has been raised is a run for New York governor, challenging incumbent Republican and Rockefeller successor Malcolm Wilson, a personal friend of the president, who is running for a full term in 1974. RFK obviously enjoyed being in the executive branch as Attorney General and later vice president. So this might be more attractive for Bobby Kennedy, since he has already been in the senate. Being governor of the second largest state in the nation next to California wouldn?t be a small thing either. It would him to be a national leader in politics again and being the key policy maker as chief executive in a state of 18 million. Looking ahead to the next open election for president in 1980 ? assuming Rocky wins a second term, what is currently more likely than not ? Bobby Kennedy would have a very broad range of experience in federal and state offices, making him one of the best prepared contenders in history. Whether he wanted to run for office just two years after a close defeat was another question. Although RFK himself didn?t comment, his brother Ted, the senator from Massachusetts, said he would like to see his brother in the arena again, and former President Johnson publically remarked that Bobby?s career is ?certainly not over.?

[President Johnson]

January 21, 1974: President Nelson Rockefeller’s State of the Union Address



President Nelson Rockefeller during his first State of the Union Address on January 21, 1974

One year and one day into his presidency, President Nelson Rockefeller was about the deliver his first regular State of the Union Address to congress. Welcomed by an applauding House chamber, Speaker Carl Albert (D-OK) welcomed the president to speak to lawmakers and the nation. In his address, President Rockefeller reflected on the past year and praised both his cabinet and the congress for their cooperation. Especially Senate Majority Leader Hubert Humphrey was thanked for the role he played to get major things – such as the housing and environmental bills – done. Furthermore, the chief executive defended his Vietnam decisions in the past year and strongly urged congress to continue aid for Saigon. “I am well aware that we need more efforts to ensure South Vietnam can develop a strong economy and survive on its own, but the road ahead was never easy. But let me be honest: After all we have done in the defense of freedom, we ought not to turn our back to an ally. That would send a devastating message to world and invite other hostile powers to invade sovereign and free nations. Progress in Saigon is already measureable. Slow, but steady”, he remarked, knowing that congress gets increasingly impatient with the Thieu government.

On domestic policy, President Rockefeller mainly focused on economic issues in light of the most recent slowdown following the unsolved oil crisis. On top of his priority list was a modest tax cut for middle-class Americans and businesses, something that campaigned on in 1972 but, because of other projects, decided not to prioritize in 1973. In response to the energy crisis, the president furthermore urged congress for enactment of a bill to deregulate the energy market, a measure that is currently opposed by a lot of Democrats. The president, however, argued that deregulating the energy market would benefit the consumer through lower costs. Furthermore, Rocky asked lawmakers to approve the creation of a federal department of energy with cabinet status. This proposal is actually likely to pass because a vast number of Democrats and some Republicans expressed their support for a department to coordinate energy policy. A number of Republicans, especially from the conservative wing, aren’t favorable to the idea, citing it would create “too much bureaucracy and have little effect.”

As the 1974 State of the Union market the tenth year after President Lyndon B. Johnson declared a War on Poverty in 1964, President Nelson Rockefeller reflected on the progress that was being made. He pointed out that while some programs were a success, others were with either a mixed record or a failure. “We will fully fund and support working programs, improve those that need to do better and eliminate the ones, which proved to be ineffective, costly and bureaucratic. That’s what we’ve done in the past twelve months and what we are going to continue. This permanent improvement of all government operations need a pragmatic and realistic approach and neither a pure left or right solution. Ideology should not get in the way of sound results”, the president remarked, again underlining his pragmatic approach in governing, “I urge each and every one of you, the elected representatives of the people, to join forces in finding common-sense solutions.”

Also notable was Rocky’s call upon the states to quickly ratify the Equal Rights Amendment that congress passed in March. He also emphasized the need for additional steps to protect voting rights and promote more participation of minorities in society. “We need more women and more blacks in elected office from the city council to the congress and more of the said groups in law enforcement. Especially the black community ought to have a better representation in police departments across America”, he said. The War on Drugs was just briefly mentioned. In this context, the president again expressed his full confidence in Attorney General Agnew.


The Democratic Response



Alabama Governor Albert Brewer gave the Democratic response to President Nelson Rockefeller's 1974 State of the Union Address

In advance, the press was confident that Senator George McGovern (D-SD), who has been the Democrats’ attack dog in recent months, would give the Democratic response to President Rockefeller’s State of the Union Address, but instead Alabama Governor Albert Brewer was selected. In his rebuttal, the governor criticized the Republican proposal to deregulate the energy market. “Make no mistake about it, this is not going to lead to lower prices. Instead, greedy corporations, including Rockefeller businesses, would the beneficiaries of such a measure”, he remarked. He also found harsh words on Attorney General Agnew, who was “busier with punishing people and attacking senators rather than actual crime prevention.” In contrast to Senator McGovern, the Alabama governor made it clear that he was supportive of the War on Drugs in general, but emphasized the need to invest more in prevention programs, treatment and early education about the danger of drugs. Finally, Governor Brewer also demanded an increase of the federal minimum wage and urged to increase federal aid to education.

Governor Brewer’s seat is up for election this coming fall and he is not eligible to run for a third – or second full – term. Instead, there are strong signs out from Alabama that he is going to run for the senate by challenging incumbent John B. Allen in the Democratic primary. His selection was seen as a victory of the liberal wing, now in charge of the Democratic Party, since it gave the liberal Brewer a national stage. Additionally, Mr. Brewer is also considered a potential presidential candidate for 1976 or beyond.  


January 27, 1974: Ronald Reagan declines to run for a third term as California governor in interview

Almost a year before his second gubernatorial term expires, Ronald Reagan sat down with Walter Cronkite for an interview. He talked about his political and personal future and reflected on President Rockefeller’s performance in office during the past twelve months. Just that morning, the leader of the conservative Republican wing issued a written statement in which he declined to seek a third term as governor this fall. In his conversation with CBS frontman Walter Cronkite, the Gipper explained his decision.




WALTER CRONKITE: Hello, and thank you very much for having me, governor.

GOVERNOR REAGAN: Thank you, Walter, always good to see you. My pleasure.

WALTER CRONKITE: Governor Reagan, we have just entered another midterm election year. How do you assess the situation of your party, the Republicans, going into this year, both at the national level as well in California?

GOVERNOR REAGAN: Well, Walter, although it is still early in the year, I think the party has a real chance to perform well. Whether that results into additional governorships or a power shift in congress has to be seen. It mainly depends on developments in the coming months. We are certainly in a strong position, despite the fact that were are going into a midterm with a Republican president. If President Rockefeller can keep his approval rating at a net positive level, I think that combined with strong GOP candidates could give our party a fairly good performance. Especially when we consider that the other party has nothing to offer except for high taxes, more regulation, bureaucracy and a weak foreign policy.

WALTER CRONKITE: You already mentioned President Rockefeller. How to do you think the president has done over the past twelve months?

GOVERNOR REAGAN: I believe the president has done very well at the world stage by providing strong American leadership in Vietnam, Chile and the Middle East. The administration has made it abundantly clear, that freedom is not for sale and that America will defend its allies and its core values: Democracy, freedom and free enterprise. The actions by our government sent a strong signal to communist capitals around the world. Something, if you ask me, we would not have under a Kennedy Administration. At home, President Rockefeller and Attorney General Spiro Agnew have shown bold action on law and order and the drug epidemic. For sure, there also things that I disagree with, at least with the approach to fix certain problems, such as the environmental law. But we will see how that turns out. I don’t want to go down a long list of issues now where I agree or disagree with the president. My problem with the federal government is that the Democrats are in charge of congress and continue to pursue these high spend and high tax policies. Overall, I believe the Rockefeller Administration had a successful first year and I am optimistic about the next year. I sincerely hope the president is able to get these tax cuts he talked about as well as energy market deregulation. Both things should have priority and I will do everything I can to help with these causes. At least from the outside.

WALTER CRONKITE: Coming back to foreign affairs, over the course of the 1972 Republican primaries, you have been critical of certain elements of the Rockefeller/Nixon/Kissinger foreign policy. Has that changed or why have you been relatively quiet on that issue over the past months?

GOVERNOR REAGAN: Well, I haven’t been silent on world affairs at all. I praised the Rockefeller Administration on various occasions and I was also put in charge for a mission to South Vietnam that resulted into the passage of an aid program. But you are right, Walter, that I expressed my doubts on the policy of détente and parts of Latin America policy the president has proposed. But I don’t want to judge them right now, we have to see what the final agreement – if there is one – contains. I was never categorially against these talks, but think Moscow has done way too little to prove their seriousness. For example, they should have intervened with diplomacy in the Middle East much earlier than they did. The same in Vietnam and Africa. I sincerely hope the Rockefeller Administration can get something good out of it.

WALTER CRONKITE: Is there any bitterness that you were not named Secretary of State? Do you believe you could do a better job than Richard Nixon?

GOVERNOR REAGAN: No, there is no bitterness. I never anticipated to be asked whether I would like to take the position after, in the summer of ‘72, making clear that I am not available for either the vice presidency or another cabinet position. During the transition, I played a role in the process – at Mr. Rockefeller’s request – and consulted with him several times. He asked me about any involvement in foreign policy, but I told him that my focus was on California. However, I told him that I was available for any advice or other duties he wanted me to perform on an informal basis. When it comes to Mr. Nixon, I think he has been a loyal servant to his country and his president and represents America with great compassion.

WALTER CRONKITE: Mr. Reagan, you issued a public statement this morning that you won’t seek a third term as governor. Why don’t you run for your position again, despite the California Republican Party encouraged you to do so? And what do you leave behind in Sacramento?

GOVERNOR REAGAN: Well, Walter, as you said I am not a candidate for a third term as governor. I have been leading this awesome state for eight years, but by the end of this term and believe it is time for new leaders to take over the Golden State. I long though about this and spoke with Nancy until we ultimately decided it was time to go. I am proud of my record in Sacramento. Among other things, we turned a deficit into a surplus, created millions of new jobs, rolled back regulation and made the government more efficient. I believe we are going to find a Republican to build on this and keep California with its strong economy that special place it ought to be.

WALTER CRONKITE: Well, that means you are going to be out of office by January next year. What are your plans beyond that date? Republicans, including confidants of President Rockefeller, raised the possibility of a challenge to Senator Cranston in this year’s senate election. Are you considering?

GOVERNOR REAGAN: Obviously, leaving the governor’s chair means I will be unemployed in January 1975. [laughs] I don’t think this is necessarily a bad thing, Walter. I mean, there are many members of congress who are staying in office forever and have never done something different in their life. I believe we need more exchanges in public office. When it comes to this 1974 midterm elections, I have no intention to run for any office, and if I had done, it would have been for governor. Instead, I shall be focused on getting Republican candidates elected to federal, state and local posts. And I shall continue to be available for my party for any duty they want me to perform. After departing from Sacramento, I will continue to speak out for the causes I believe in. You won’t miss me.

WALTER CRONKITE: Does that mean you consider another presidential run in 1976 or later?

GOVERNOR REAGAN: [laughs] I knew you were going to ask that question. It is not on my mind for now. We have a Republican president who has just been inaugurated a year ago.

WALTER CRONKITE: So, you’re ruling it out?

GOVERNOR REAGAN: I don’t see a scenario that has me running the next time. Do I rule out ever running for elected office, including the presidency, again? No, although I do not have any plans in the near future.

WALTER CRONKITE: All right. So, maybe we are going to see President Reagan in 1980. Thank you very much for your time, governor.

GOVERNOR REAGAN: Thank you, Walter, and have a great day.

[President Johnson]

January 30, 1974: Center-right parties win in Chilean elections



Rodmiro Tomic, a member of the Christian Democratc Party, has been elected president of Chile

The results of the Chilean election were now official: The pro-western Christian Democrats officially won a sound victory. The new president will be Radomiro Tomic, who already ran against Salvador Allende in 1970. Tomic belongs to the progressive wing of his party. While a defender of national sovereignty, he emphasized to normalize relations with the US. Meanwhile, the socialist opposition largely boycotted the election after Salvador Allende urged his supporters to do so. The ousted president in Cuban exile described the election as “illegitimate” and accused the US government of a coup. However, the expected riots by the socialist supporters were much smaller than expected. Ahead of President Rockefeller’s Latin America speech, scheduled for March 1, the election outcome sends a sign for improvements of US-Latin America relations. After the election, Henry Kissinger, who played a major role in the settlement of last year’s crisis, stated that the Rockefeller Administration was ready to grant aide to Chile for economic development.

The most surprising move was that the USSR recognized the election outcome. On February 5, Red China did likewise. Cuba, of course, didn't, demanded a return of Salvador Allende and spoke of a US coup.


January 31, 1974: New Gallup polls

President Rockefeller job approval
Approve: 62%
Disapprove: 32%


February 3, 1974: President Rockefeller signs far-reaching Jobs Training Act into law



With the support of the Rockefeller Administration, congress enacted a Jobs Training Bill to train workers and provide them with jobs in public service. The bill was introduced by Senators Gaylord Nelson (D-WI) and Jacob Javits (R-NY) in January. The program was mainly designed to benefit long-time unemployed Americans in general and specifically women. The latter was recommended by President Rockefeller’s Council on Women’s Equality, that he created under an Executive Order from December 1973 and of which First Lady Happy Rockefeller also plays a role. At the signing ceremony, President Rockefeller and Senator Javits announced the upcoming introduction of another jobs training bill for the private sector.


February 14-17, 1974: George McGovern and Edmund Muskie filibuster Energy bill



Senators McGovern (l) and Muskie vehemently oppose an energy deregulation bill that the Rockefeller Administration wants to pass. Both filibustered the measure in the senate

In his State of the Union message, President Rockefeller renewed his call for legislation to deregulate the energy market in an effort to lower consumer prices. However, a vast majority of Democrats were opposed to such a move, arguing it would only benefit large corporations. A comprehensive bill sponsored by Senators John Tower (R-TX) and Ernest Hollings (D-SC) that includes both a market deregulation and the creation of an energy deportment, what most Democrats support, fell victim to a filibuster lead by Senators George McGovern (D-SD) and Edmund Muskie (D-ME). “This bill is nothing but a gift to President Rockefeller’s wealthy buddies and has nothing to do with consumer rights”, said McGovern at the Senate floor, “it seeks to enrich those who don’t need it. Instead, the administration and various members of the Republican caucus try getting us to vote for it by including a provision to establish an energy department. The latter is nothing but a bait. If it’s sincere, Mr. President, introduce a separate bill!”


Both Vice President Ford and Attorney General Agnew attacked McGovern and Muskie for their filibuster. Agnew again had very tough words on McGovern: "We're coming after your seat"

On the administration’s behalf, Vice President Gerald Ford first took aim at the two senators and accused them of ideological obstructionism. That came as a surprise, since Ford usually prefers to stay calm. Even though energy policy is not within his range of responsibilities, Attorney General Spiro Agnew lashed out against McGovern in particular and Muskie as well. During a Republican fundraiser for the midterm-elections, he slammed the South Dakota senator as “a goddamn fool, who represents a very tiny ultra-liberal elite.” He further called on the people of South Dakota to vote McGovern out this year. “Senator McGovern, we’re coming after your seat”, Agnew further remarked.  

Ultimately, Majority Leader Hubert Humphrey told the president that he may have the votes to end the filibuster, but not enough support to pass the bill in its current form since even Southern Democrats said they couldn’t support the measure. The White formally declined to comment, but a Rockefeller spokesman told the press that negotiations would go on. “The president wants this to be done during this session”, he said.


February 28, 1974: New Gallup polls

Although still in the lower 60s, President Nelson Rockefeller has lost some support over the past few months since economic growth was still very weak as a result of the oil crisis. Meanwhile, Hallup published the first polls for the 1974 election season. Republicans on the genric ballot benefit from the president's robust approval rating, giving them a small lead when voters were asked which party's candidate they would vote for. A small number of potential senate and gubernatorial elections were also conducted: Alabama Governor Albert Brewer, who is reportedly about to announce a senate bid, leads incumbent senator James B. Allen among Democratic primary voters (the Democratic candidate is expected to win the general election handily). In New York, where speculations is going on that former vice president Bobby Kennedy runs, incumbent Republican Malcolm Wilson would face a tough reelection battle against RFK. California shows a mixed picture: It's a possible pick-up after Governor Ronald Reagan announced his retirement from office.

President Rockefeller job approval
Approve: 61%
Disapprove: 32%


1974 congressional elections – generic ballot

Republican: 45%
Democratic: 43%


Potential senate and governor's races

Alabama Senate Democratic Primary
Albert Brewer: 49% (undeclared)
James B. Allen (inc.): 41%

California gubernatorial election
Generic Democrat: 45%
Generic Republican: 45%

Ronald Reagan (R, inc.): 50% (declined to run)
Democratic candidate: 42%

New York gubernatorial election
Robert F. Kennedy (D): 50% (undeclared)
Malcolm Wilson (R, inc.): 44%

Malcolm Wilson (R, inc.): 46%
Democratic candidate: 43%

[President Johnson]

March 1, 1974: President Rockefeller’s grand speech on Latin America: A second Good Neighbor Policy



President Rockefeller during one of his most important - if not the most important - foreign policy speech of his presidency

President Nelson Rockefeller finally delivered his long awaited foreign policy speech on Latin America at the University of New York. In his address, the president introduced his impulses for new Latin America policy, a region he has been interested since his early days in public service. “It is time that America opens a new chapter in our relation with Latin and South America. This new chapter must again have A Good Neighbor Policy as its headline. But it must remain more than a pure headline. We must develop relations on various levels and areas that both sides benefit from … We must focus on both things where we have broad consensus, but also address differences honestly”, President Rockefeller told the world. During his remarks, the 37th US president presented the following points to strengthen relations:

- Free Trade agreements with various counties in the Western hemisphere to promote growth and prosperity at home and abroad
- American Aid to countries seeking to establish more democracy on open their doors for American businesses
- Various programs to promote intercultural exchange. The president mentioned a volunteer program for students to take a half year off and go to Latin America for work, study or charity. He also spoke of a program to allow more foreign students to come to the US.
- The start of negotiations with Panama to turn over the Panama Canal. An exact date for the start was not given, but “my friend Dick Nixon is engaged in talks”, Rocky added.

The only country that President Rockefeller frequently excluded was Cuba. “The United States won’t change its policies towards a hostile, non-free communist regime”, he said, but also added: “Our doors are open for those refugees that flee Castro’s regime.”

At the end of his speech, President Rockefeller reassured the world and other US allies that this new policy is not to their disadvantage. “America will meet all its commitments around the world and stands ready to defend freedom, democracy and free enterprise. America under my leadership seeks to be engaged around the world. And stands ready to be any free nation’s friend. I am and will always remain a deep believer in a strong transatlantic and transpacific partnership.”


Reactions: Bipartisan praise, but also critical voices from both liberals and conservatives


Both Senators Barry Goldwater (R-AZ) and Majority Leader Hubert Humphrey (D-MN) criticized certain elements of President Rockefeller's new Latin America policy from the right and the left, respectively.

In congress and among other leading politicians, the president received a lot of praise. “It is very important that we’re engaged in the region”, Speaker Carl Albert (D-OK) said. And Senate Minority Leader Hugh Scott (R-PA) added that “if implemented rightfully, we can make sure that Chile and Cuba aren’t repeated and we don’t see future takeovers by communists in Latin and South America”.

Nevertheless, there was also critique from both parties. Conservative Republicans such as Barry Goldwater (R-AZ) and James Buckley (Con-NY) expressed their opposition to turn over the Panama Canal. Governor Ronald Reagan in a statement remarked that he would strongly favor free trade agreements, but called the Canal issue “a giveaway.” On the other hand, a decent number of Democrats close to labor unions were very skeptical of free trade agreements the president pushes for. Senate Majority Leader Hubert Humphrey told the press: “While I am supportive of several points the president introduced, including the canal, I have deep reservations about free trade treaties. I believe that this may be harmful for our workers, especially the Mid-West where I’m coming from. Unless I am convinced otherwise, I won’t vote for a free trade agreement in the senate and urge my colleagues to do likewise.”


Washington Post: This is the Rockefeller Doctrine

“After nearly 14 months in office, we can look at the record as well as the proposals of this administration and determine, what the so-called Rockefeller Doctrine is”, the Washington Post opened an Editorial from March 2. Summarized the Post described the Rockefeller Doctrine as follows: “It seeks to promote freedom, democracy and free enterprise through cooperation on various field. Military solutions on the table if necessary. Where not possible, détente begun under the Johnson Administration seeks to ease tension around the world and reduce the risk of a third world war. Today, we can say that the world is far more safe than ten years ago as a result of these policies ... Overall, Nelson Rockefeller’s America seeks to bring countries closer to our land on many levels, with the destination to prevent extremist powers to take over certain nations. In South Vietnam, the Rockefeller Administration stood up to communist aggression, while it rejected both a socialist as well as fascist regime to take over … And while it remains to be seen how far and successful the Good Neighbor policy will be, the Middle East remains the largest source of turmoil.”


March 15/16, 1974: Secretary of State Richard Nixon visits Egypt to ease tensions in the Middle East



Secretary of State Richard Nixon on a peace mission in Egypt: He talked to President Anwar Sadat was invited to visit the pyramids. During his trip, Nixon sought to ease tensions in the region

Announced only days in advance, Secretary of State Richard Nixon headed off for a visit in Egypt. This move came as surprise to many, including political insiders. Nevertheless, the administration tried to keep expectations low rather than high. “The purpose of this visit is to talks about about the situation in the Middle East. We recognize that this region and its conflicts pose a great threat to world peace”, Nixon remarked before going on board his plane.

During his visit, Nixon was granted to have private discussions with the entire leadership including President Anwar Sadat. He was also invited to visit the pyramids and Cairo. The talks lasted for almost two days. At the end, both sides emphasized their willingness to contribute to a lasting peace agreement. Upon his arrival back in Washington, Secretary Nixon testified before the Senate foreign relations committee and announced that negotiations over “unsettled questions in and around Israel” will soon begin. Both members of the senate and press praised Nixon afterwards for his engagement in the region. Just on March 18, President Rockefeller departed Washington for a visit to Jerusalem, to get Israel on board for the upcoming talks.


March 18-20, 1974: President Rockefeller gets Israel to join Middle East peace talks



President Rockefeller answers questions from a reporter before going on board Air Force One for Israel

Just after Richard Nixon returned from Egypt, President Rockefeller, joined by Defense Secretary George Romney and National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger, flew to Israel, where he stayed for two days. He visited various places including a university and American military base before undergoing intense talks with the government. At the conclusion of the consultations, he and Prime Minister Golda Meir gave a joint statement that Israel was ready to participate in the negotiations with Egypt for a broader peace solution in the region. However, both sides tried to set expectations not too high. "This is going to be a very tough process", President Rockefeller said. But despite all skepticism, the fact that the regional powers agreed to talks was considered a great success just months after the Yom-Kippur-War.

[President Johnson]

Nice updates! I read it this morning. Hopefully the Rockefeller Admin can get something done in the Middle East. Also would love to see RFK running and winning for gov and prez again in '80. Just a minor correction: His birthday is in November, not October

Yay for the good neighbor policy!!

Thanks! I corrected RFK's birthday month. Always thought it was October.

[President Johnson]

March 22, 1974: It’s official – Bobby Kennedy runs for Governor of New York, rules out 1976 presidential bid



Before a massive crowd in New York City, Robert Kennedy announced his candidacy for the New York governorship on March 22, 1974

Since New Year’s eve it was a rumor, now it’s official: Former vice president, senator, attorney general and 1972 Democratic presidential nominee Robert F. Kennedy declared his candidacy for Governor of New York in the upcoming fall election. Over 15,000 people came to New York City, where RFK announced his attention to seek office again. It was his first public appearance before a larger audience since he lost the presidential election to Nelson Rockefeller almost one and a half year ago. In his speech, the former vice president reflected on his public record and pointed to his ability to bring about positive change: “Although I had the great fortune to come from a privileged family, I always fought for the little man. For the sick, the disadvantaged, for our children, for blacks’ rights and economic and social justice. I have proven, that I can be that change agent. A change, I believe the state of New York needs this year. That is why I am running for governor”, RFK told his supporters. He further spoke about more opportunity for everybody and a different approach to drug policy, without giving details. The former vice president also promised increased funding for the infrastructure and early-childhood education. “I would be excited to work for the people of New York. Let’s go to work!”, RFK finished his speech.

The former vice president is expected to face incumbent Republican Malcolm Wilson in the November general election, who succeeded to the governorship in January 1973 following Nelson Rockefeller’s election to the presidency. The race is going to be one of the closest watched in the nation. First polls before the announcement showed a lead for Kennedy, though political observers also give Wilson outsider chances to retain his office. The primaries will not take place until September, but both Kennedy and Wilson are expected to easily win their respective party’s nomination. The Liberal Party of New York, a minor local party, soon after endorsed Kennedy for governor while Republican Jacob Javits is their nominee for reelection to the senate. Meanwhile, the NY Conservative Party is about to support Governor Wilson after they backed off to endorse Nelson Rockefeller in his last statewide race in 1970.

During a question-answer-session with reporters backstage after the announcement, Bobby Kennedy ruled out running for president again in 1976. “No, I am not going to be a presidential candidate in 1976, regardless of the outcome of this election”, RFK said, “I pledge to the people of New York that if I am elected governor, I will devote at least full four years to work on their behalf. I am running because I want to serve the Empire State and not use the governorship as a steppingstone for anything.” When asked about his preferred candidate to challenge President Rockefeller in 1976, he declined, but spoke highly about his former running mate Jimmy Carter and pledged to support the Democratic nominee.


March 23, 1974: Spiro Agnew blasts RFK following announcement, pledges engagement in key midterm races



RFK just announced his gubernatorial bid, Spiro Agnew already made him a target at a GOP fundraiser

President Nelson Rockefeller, through a spokeswoman, welcomed RFK to the race with kind words, but expressed his staunch support for Governor Malcolm Wilson, a personal friend and long-time ally who was long known as “Rocky’s right-handed man”. Other members of his administration already took aim at the candidate: Attorney General Spiro Agnew slammed RFK as “desperate office seeker”, who would be “a very bad deal for New York.” Agnew joked at a Republican fundraiser: “First, he wanted be called Mr. Vice President, in 1964, then just weeks later he wanted to be – and ultimately became – a senator. Four years later he wanted to be called Mr. President. After that failed, he again wanted to be, and became, Mr. Vice President. Another four years later, he again wanted to be Mr. President. Now, barely two years past this, he got the idea that he wanted to be referred to as Mr. Governor. How long is it going to last before he wants to be Mr. President again?” And he further remarked: “We don’t need a clone of super-liberal George McGovern running the Empire State into bankruptcy. The thought of ‘Governor Kennedy’, being in charge of the second largest state in the nation, actually terrifies me. Mr. Kennedy would be the man of a tiny liberal elite, trying to impose their weak-on-crime policies on a whole nation.” The unusual political Attorney General also announced that he would actively campaign in the fall for Republican senate and gubernatorial candidates. Just the previous month, he indicated to get involved in the South Dakota senate race in an effort to unseat his favorite foe George McGovern. Senator McGovern, who immediately endorsed Bobby Kennedy’s run for governor, hit back at the attorney general by asking this question publically: “For what reason is Mr. Agnew on a government payroll? To me, it seems more like he’s not the chief-law enforcement officer in this country, but instead a partisan attack dog, who is abusing his department as vehicle for his pessimistic views of society. Our message is simple: Basta, Mr. Agnew!”


March 31, 1974: New Gallup polls

At the end of the first quarter of 1974, Gallup conducted a series of polls again, asking more detailed questions about President Rockefeller's performance in office. Some polls on the midterms were published as well.


President Rockefeller job approval
Approve: 62%
Disapprove: 33%


Questions

Q: Do you approve or disapprove President Rockefeller's foreign policy in general?
Approve: 73%
Disapprove: 20%
Undecided: 7%

Q: Do you approve or disapprove President Rockefeller's economic policy?
Approve: 51%
Disapprove: 39%
Undecided: 10%

Q: Do you approve or disapprove Vice President Ford's performance in office?
Approve: 65%
Disapprove: 21%
Undecided: 14%

Q: Do you approve or disapprove Secretary of State Nixon's performance in office?
Approve: 58%
Disapprove: 31%
Undecided: 11%

Q: Do you approve or disapprove Secretary of Defense Romney's performance in office?
Approve: 61%
Disapprove: 23%
Undecided: 16%

Q: Do you approve or disapprove Attorney General Agnew's performance in office?
Approve: 50%
Disapprove: 44%
Undecided: 6%

Q: Do you approve or disapprove the work of congress?
Approve: 43%
Disapprove: 38%
Undecided: 19%


1974 congressional elections – generic ballot

Republican: 44%
Democratic: 44%


New York gubernatorial election

Robert F. Kennedy (D): 51%
Malcolm Wilson (R, inc.): 44%

[President Johnson]

April 3, 1974: Congress passes bill to create cabinet-level Energy Department



Since the administration’s proposed energy bill, that included both the creation of an own energy department as well as market deregulations, was de-facto stalled in congress, the president reluctantly decided to split up the legislation. Majority Leader Hubert Humphrey reportedly advised the White House to do so in order to get at least one item passed. Subsequently, congress passed a law to establish an energy department with a majority within both respective caucuses. Only the conservative Republicans expressed their vocal opposition to an “additional government agency” that would create “too much bureaucracy”. After he signed the law, President Rockefeller said he intends to nominate an energy secretary soon.


April 7, 1974: Albert Brewer runs for senate, pushing sitting Dixiecrat aside



He wants to go to Washington: Governor Albert Brewer (D-AL) seeks election to the senate after his term as Alabama's chief executive is up

As early as 1972, Alabama Governor Albert Brewer indicated his interest in becoming a senator once his gubernatorial term expires in early 1975. After signs in recent months strongly pointed in the direction that he’ll run, Governor Brewer now launched is official senatorial campaign at a rally in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Mr. Brewer, 45 years old, is highly popular among liberal Democrats since he became the first governor of his state to reach out to the disenfranchised black community, sought their support and passed several progressive reforms such as a modernization of the education system and investments in the infrastructure and the environment. He rose to national prominence after beating George Wallace in the 1970 Democratic primary for governor; an office he inherited following the death of Wallace’s wife in 1968. In 1972, he was a potential vice presidential candidate for RFK and gave the official Democratic response to President Rockefeller’s 1974 state of the union message. Four days before the official campaign launch, incumbent senator James B. Allen announced his retirement from office, leaving Brewer as only serious candidate in the primary. Allen, a conservative Dixiecrat, officially cited health concerns for his decision, but a February poll showed him trailing Brewer, who has a 55% approval rating as governor. Insiders told the press that Allen feared a similar defeat as happend to George Wallace in 1970. In his announcement speech, the governor said he wanted to campaign on “better schools, worker’s and civil rights, funding for the infrastructure and more bipartisanship on foreign affairs”. He also added he would like to be a passionate voice for the “New South” in the nation’s capital, standing for “freedom, civility and faith”.



As a result of Brewer's candidacy, incumbent James B. Allen said in advance he wouldn't seek reelection, leaving the popular governor as the only serious contender

Brewer quickly picked up key endorsements after his jump-in, especially from several moderate or liberal Southern Democrats such as Senators Lloyd Bentsen (D-TX) and Lawton Chiles (D-FL). Georgia Governor Jimmy Carter, Senate Leader Hubert Humphrey, Bobby Kennedy and former President Lyndon Johnson also announced their support for Brewer’s candidacy.

During a radio interview on April 10, Brewer said he was not interested in running for president in 1976. Since the 1972 election, he was frequently mentioned as a potential contender for the Democratic nomination. “I’m running to represent the people of Alabama in the senate for a six year term. What comes after that, we have to see”, the governor remarked.


April 15, 1974: John B. Anderson nominated for Energy Secretary



John B. Anderson leaves his post as White House Chief of Staff and is nominated by President Rockefeller to be America's first Secretary of Energy. Many believe this position fits him better although he earned great respect while the president's door keeper in the White House

Surprising announcement at the White House: President Nelson Rockefeller announced that John B. Anderson is going to be his nominee for the newly created post of Energy Secretary. In his role as White House Chief of Staff, Mr. Anderson was actively involved in energy policy. The former Illinois congressman, a liberal Republican, advocates to use more diverse energy resources to make the US energy-independent by the next decade. At the press briefing presenting his choice, President Rockefeller said: “With this appointment, I want to give John the opportunity to work on an issue, he has shown great interest and passion in. I know that John, whom I gotten to know very well these 14 months, is the right man to work for solutions on the important field of energy. Both as congressman and Chief of Staff, he has shown integrity, competence and devotion for his cause.” Anderson himself spoke of a “great honor”. Political observers agreed that this role would be a better fit for Anderson, who was a well-respected Chief of Staff but never became a member of the president’s most inner-circle to the degree of someone like Henry Kissinger, who is obviously the closest aide to Rocky within the White House.


Charles Goodell takes over as White House Chief of Staff



Former New York Senator Charles Goodell will replace John B. Anderson to run the Rockefeller White House

Subsequently to John B. Anderson’s nomination as Energy Secretary, President Rockefeller made his selection of former Senator Charles Goodell as new Chief of Staff known. Goodell, a Rockefeller loyalist since the 1960s was appointed by then-governor Rockefeller to fill the senate vacancy left by Bobby Kennedy following the latter’s election to the vice presidency in 1968. In 1970, Goodell lost reelection in a three-way race against conservative James Buckley. Later, he worked on the Rockefeller presidential campaign and became co-chair of the President’s Infrastructure Council in 1973. Mr. Goodell will continue to serve on the board while leading the White House intern operations.


April 29, 1974: Economic report gives administration reason for concern



President Rockefeller was not pleased with the economic report that came out

As April was coming to a close, the most recent economic report showed emerging difficulties, what should be a reason to worry for the Rockefeller Administration. First quarter 1974 growth slowed down to 0.5%. The month of March was even negative (-0.2%), while April is also projected to be negative. Unemployment rose to 6.8% while inflation hit 7.5% and continues to climb. Especially the energy prices significantly increased as a result of the oil crisis. The latter caused a group of congressional Republicans to call for budget cuts in the 1974/75 fiscal year, which is expected to exceed 20 billion dollar in red. A spokesman for President Rockefeller used the opportunity for middle-class tax cuts to stimulate private consumption, which also took a hit in the first quarter of this year.


Late April 1974: Rockefeller White House allegedly tries to recruit high-profile Republicans to run for office, urges Ronald Reagan to run for senate


While Ronald Reagan was reconsidering to run for senate, Paul Laxalt already got into the race to represent his homestate of Nevada in the upper house of congress

Ahead of the Midterm-elections in November, it became evident that the Republicans needed strong candidates to either gain mandates or at least keep their current ones. A White House leak revealed, according to the New York Times on April 26, that a strategic meeting in the White House took place earlier this month in order to get leading Republicans to run for office; especially the senate was a target since the Democratic majority was relatively close (53-47 seats). It should be noted, though, that the House majority (227-208) was equally narrow but the Democrats were expected to pick up about 10 seats according to current projections.

In California, there was a senate election coming up in which incumbent Alan Cranston was seeking a second term in office. Although he earlier declined, the Republicans hoped to turn this race into a toss-up by sending up outgoing governor Ronald Reagan. President Rockefeller reportedly got on the phone and told the Gipper that he wanted him to run for this seat. Reagan allegedly told his former rival that was “reconsidering”. A Plan B was according to insiders Lieutenant Governor Robert Finch, an ally of Richard Nixon. Finch was actually willing to run if Reagan doesn’t and both Rockefeller and Nixon probably preferred him to the Gipper but admitted that, as Rocky reportedly said at the meeting “Ronnie is our strongest guy here.” In neighboring Nevada, another potential pick-up, the Rockefeller Administration was successful in getting outgoing governor Paul Laxalt into the race. Although a conservative, Laxalt spoke high of the president since he got into office. Another important race was South Dakota, where the Republicans hoped to unseat George McGovern, but they lacked a high-profile candidate here. Additionally, the president himself reportedly got involved into the Indiana senate race, where he got 42-year old Indianapolis Mayor Richard Lugar, a moderate Republican, to run against Senator Birch Bayh. Rockefeller met Lugar at an event when he visited the city last year and spoke highly of him. Journalists wrote that the Republicans have an outsider chance to take the senate if President Rockefeller manages to keep his approvals above water until November and the economy improves. Especially the economy was key factor here, as many noted. So far, President Rockefeller received the strongest support for his foreign policy, but that was hardly a factor in these down-ballot races. Even Democrats under Franklin D. Roosevelt suffered from major losses in 1942, the midst of World War II, while the president was getting high grades for his conduct of foreign policy.


April 30, 1974: New Gallup poll

President Rockefeller’s approval rating in April dropped six points compared to last month, while is disapproval numbers climbed to 35% for the first time. His numbers overall are still pretty solid, but political observers begun to speculate whether the most recent declined was linked to the economic developments.


President Rockefeller job approval
Approve: 56%
Disapprove: 35%

[President Johnson]

May 3, 1974: Israel pulls back behind Suez Canal, Middle East peace talks to begin soon

Good news from the Middle East: Israel agreed to a withdrawal agreement to pull back to the east side of the Suez Canal. The agreement was negotiated by Secretary of State Richard Nixon over the course of his talks with the regional powers in the Middle East. Such an agreement was a pre-condition for any peace talks between Israel and Egypt. During his state visit in Jerusalem earlier this year, President Rockefeller also emphasized to make such a concession. Nixon in a public statement expressed his optimism that a lasting solution can be found.


May 6, 1974: Oil embargo against United States ends



Secretary of State Richard Nixon's negotiations with key players of the Arab world proved to be sucsessful in ending the oil embargo

Following Israel’s decision and as a result of Richard Nixon’s negotiations, OPEC officially decided the end the oil embargo against the United States and other American allies. President Rockefeller welcomed the move and unsigned some of the sanctions he imposed in the fall of last year as a retaliation. Asked whether this would impact his search for additional oil trading partners, the president said “no”.


May 20, 1974: President Rockefeller signs Student Exchange Act



On May 20, 1974, President Rockefeller signs the Student Exchange Act into law

It is the first major legislation related to the administration’s new Latin America policy: With the administration’s staunch support, congress enacted a new student-exchange program with countries of Latin and South America. Especially Mexico is expected to benefit from the program that eases foreign students to enter American universities. Under the law, additional benefits are being granted for students who start businesses in the United States after their graduation. It also makes it easier for these students get a permanent legal status in America. Furthermore, the act increases federal funding for education that was first passed under the Johnson Administration in 1965. The entire bill gained large support from both parties in congress. President Rockefeller spoke of a milestone when he signed the measure into law.


May 22, 1974: Bill to deregulate energy market fails in House, is a budget fight ahead?



The House of Representatives narrowly voted down a bill to deregulate the energy market

The president and his team lobbied hard for his bill to deregulate the energy market in order to reduce overall cost of energy. After Senators McGovern and Muskie filibustered a comprehensive energy law in the senate, the White House was determined to push a deregulation bill through the House first. Vice President Ford, using his contacts in the House, made it possible that Speaker Albert agreed to a floor vote. However, on May 22, the measure was narrowly voted down 221 – 210. In the end, even some Republicans voted against it while a dozen of southern Democrats cast their vote in favor. The vote was major defeat for the Rockefeller Administration. Soon after, President Rockefeller through a spokesman said he wanted to use the measure as an issue in the upcoming budget negotiations. Political observers expressed their suspicion the issue may cause a budget fight ahead of the midterm election. “President Rockefeller is so determined to get this done that he may use is veto power over the budget to pressure the Democratic congress”, a Washington Post article read. Subsequently, Senate Majority Leader Hubert Humphrey again said he was opposed to the bill. Most Republicans, especially from the conservative wing, praised Rocky for his determination and encouraged him to take the fight.

[President Johnson]

May 23, 1974: Ronald Reagan backs off senate candidacy, Nixon ally running instead



Governor Reagan talking to journalists at his announcement not to run for senate

“The senate is simply not the role I see myself in the future although it is always a high honor to be considered to serve in this body”, outgoing California Governor Ronald Reagan said at a press briefing in Sacramento on May 23. “Nevertheless, I want to be as helpful as I can to get Republican candidates elected across the board. I thank President Rockefeller for his confidence and trust in me.” Political observers agreed that the Gipper, just like Rocky, likes the executive branch much better. Close aides to Reagan told journalists that their boss in fact prefers to be the “policy making guy” instead of being one of 100 lawmakers at Capitol Hill, where processes are often moving pretty slowly. They also told press members Reagan is considering a television career in the form of a political talk show, possibly in an effort to stay in public focus without holding an office and keeping the doors for a 1980 presidential run open.



Lieutenant Governor Robert Finch instead runs against Senator Alan Cranston in California

Weeks an in advance, California Lieutenant Governor Robert Finch has filled to run in the Republican primary. With Reagan’s ultimate decline, he is going to end up as Senator Alan Cranston’s challenger. Shortly after Reagan’s announcement, Finch received endorsements from President Rockefeller, Vice President Ford and other top-Republicans including Governor Reagan and Secretary of State Nixon. The latter has been an ally of Finch for quite a few years. And probably the more moderate Finch is the preferred candidate for the White House. The general election is expected a toss-up with Cranston slightly favored. Nevertheless, in April President Rockefeller had a 59% approval rating in the Golden State, similar to Governor Reagan (60%).


May 31, 1974: New Gallup poll

The trend from the last poll is confirmed: President Rockefeller’s approval rating has dropped to the mid 50s. That is still not bad, but considering that he lost about ten points since the year begun shouldn’t be taken too easy, considering that the midterms are about six months away and the economy so far hasn’t shown any signs of improvement. In the May poll, Democrats also pulled ahead in generic ballot by four points while the last one showed a tie.


President Rockefeller job approval
Approve: 55%
Disapprove: 37%


1974 congressional elections – generic ballot
Democratic: 46%
Republican: 42%


June 4, 1974: President Rockefeller issues Vietnam Draft-Dodgers plan



President Rockefeller announces and signs a presidential proclamation for a conditional amnesty for Vietnam draft-dodgers; June 4, 1974

During the 1972 campaign, Bobby Kennedy promised a full presidential amnesty to all Vietnam Draft Dodgers. Nelson Rockefeller on the other hand said he favored a different approach: Granting clemency under certain conditions after President Johnson left the decision on the matter to his successor. Over the late spring 1974, his advisers worked out a plan the president now finally approved. On June 4, Rocky signed a presidential proclamation during a live-televised address to the nation. The proclamation introduces a conditional amnesty program for military deserters and Vietnam War draft dodgers who fled America, mostly to Canada. The conditions of the amnesty required that those reaffirm their allegiance to the United States and serve one year working in a public service job or a total of two years service for those who had served less than two years of honorable service in the military. The program for the return of Vietnam Era Draft Evaders and Military Deserters also established a Clemency Board to review the records and make recommendations for receiving a presidential pardon. A majority of both Democrats and Republicans at Capitol Hill agreed to the plan, although congress doesn’t have a formal role in the process. President Rockefeller resisted calls from the liberal Democratic wing such as former senator and presidential candidate Eugene McCarthy, who demanded a full pardon. George McGovern, who also favored full amnesty, called the plan “not too bad for a Republican president.”


June 15, 1974: President Rockefeller signs historic Clean Water Act of 1974



One June 15, 1974, President Rockefeller signed another landmark environmental bill into law

After months of negotiations with lawmakers, federal authorities and private businesses, congress passed a comprehensive Clean Water Act with the votes of a majority from both Democrats and Republicans. President Nelson Rockefeller signed the measure into law on June 18, 1974 at the White House and praised all involving parties for their cooperation. The act was the second major piece of legislation that was enacted under the Rockefeller Administration and of the most far-reaching in the United States. Its primary objective is to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the America's waters by preventing point and nonpoint pollution sources, providing assistance to publicly owned treatment works for the improvement of wastewater treatment, and maintaining the integrity of wetlands. The implementation is managed by the EPA that was established under a 1973 law. A New York Times Article from the next day noted that the Rockefeller Administration is “setting standards in environmental policy.”


June 30, 1974: New polls, including for 1976!

On June 30, half of the year has passed. Time for some additional polls: President Rockefeller’s post-inauguration honeymoon was definitely over now although his approval rating remains at a solid level. It’s about equal to Lyndon B. Johnson in 1966 at the same time (one and a half year after taking office he was just beginning of his elected term, therefore we compare his numbers to mid-1966 and not early 1965).

Looking ahead to 1976, there not that much change within the Democratic field, with Georgia Governor Jimmy Carter, who made is name nationally known after being RFK’s running mate in 1972, leading the pack by a small margin. Senator George McGovern continues to poll well among Democrats, getting his support largely from the left wing of the party. Another notable (potential) contender is Maine Senator Edmund Muskie, who is in double digits as well. Bobby Kennedy, Albert Brewer and Nicholas Katzenbach are not included as in the previous since all three declined to run. Nevertheless, President Rockefeller still leads all potential challengers in hypothetical match-ups at this moment.


President Rockefeller job approval
Approve: 54%
Disapprove: 38%


1976 Democratic Party presidential nomination

Governor Jimmy Carter: 20%
Senator George McGovern: 18%
Senator Edmund Muskie: 11%
Senator Lloyd Bentsen: 9%
Senator Scoop Jackson: 8%
Governor Reubin Askew: 7%
Representative Mo Udall: 6%
Senator Frank Church: 3%
Governor Milton Shapp: 2%
Senator Robert Byrd: 2%
Senator Ted Kennedy: 2%
Someone else/undecided: 14%


1976 hypothetical general election match-ups

Nelson Rockefeller (R, inc.): 50%
Jimmy Carter (D): 43%

Nelson Rockefeller (R, inc.): 54%
George McGovern (D): 39%

Nelson Rockefeller (R, inc.): 51%
Edmund Muskie (D): 43%

Nelson Rockefeller (R, inc.): 51%
Lloyd Bentsen (D): 40%

Nelson Rockefeller (R, inc.): 50%
Scoop Jackson (D): 41%

Nelson Rockefeller (R, inc.): 51%
Reubin Askew (D): 41%

Nelson Rockefeller (R, inc.): 51%
Mo Udall (D): 39%

Nelson Rockefeller (R, inc.): 52%
Frank Church (D): 41%

Nelson Rockefeller (R, inc.): 51%
Milton Shapp (D): 40%

Nelson Rockefeller (R, inc.): 55%
Robert Byrd (D): 38%

Nelson Rockefeller (R, inc.): 53%
Ted Kennedy (D): 40%

[President Johnson]

Hey man I'm new to this forum this makes this my favorite forum of all time! ahah. I've read this entire thing the past two days, amazing work!

Thanks, and welcome to the forum!

[President Johnson]

July 10, 1974: President Rockefeller vetoes federal pension bill



Concerned about the deficit, President Rockefeller for the first time vetoed a major spending bill

One and a half years into his term, President Nelson Rockefeller first used his veto power on major legislation. The Democratic congress, with a number of Republican lawmakers, passed a pension increase to benefit retirees, especially former government employees. According to the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), which was just established earlier this year under legislation the president signed, the expected cost increases were at least 500 million dollars. As the 1974/75 budget, which still needed passage, was already expected to run a 14 billion dollar deficit, President Rockefeller was determined to block additional spending. Although Rocky previously sounded open to sign the bill, White House interns said various advisers of the president, including Chief of Staff Goodell and Vice President Ford, urged him to ?hold the line on spending? as we?re going into the midterms. In his veto message, Nelson Rockefeller outlined that in times of economic difficulty, additional debt was unaffordable and that government must ?tighten its belt.?

Speaker Carl Albert rejected calls for an override attempt in the House because he was aware that there were not enough votes to overrule the presidential veto with a 2/3 majority.


Printing press: Rockefeller governs more to the right on economic issues than expected

?President Rockefeller?s veto of the pension bill and his reluctance to increase the minimum wage shows that he his governing more to the right than many people expected at the domestic front?, the New York Times wrote in an editorial on July 12. The article further reads: ?Although it is undeniable that he passed some sweeping progressive reforms on the environment and women?s rights, he is moving to the right of center on economic issues. Another proof is his hesitation to touch the healthcare issue. Senator Ted Kennedy is pushing for it and will do even more so after the midterms if the Democrats gain seats, and then we?ll see what the president is doing.? Other political insiders pointed to the difficult economic conditions that make it unable to expand government benefits and the ongoing skeptic on the Republican right. ?The president needs full support from his party of his reelection in 1976?, the Chicago Tribune wrote. ?It is possible that we see a shift after the next election and an improved economy?, the Tribune concluded its article.


July 31, 1974: New Galup poll

President Rockefeller job approval
Approve: 54%
Disapprove: 39%


August 1974: Economic situation deteriorates



The ongoing economic downturn was bad new for the Rockefeller White House, as seen here in August 1974

Although the oil crisis was politically resolved, the US still had to deal with its economic impact. High spending from programs mainly from the Johnson era and the high defense budget caused a rising inflation. In the second quarter of 1974, it rose to 8% while unemployment reached almost 8% as well. Economic growth was not effectively 0%. On August 15, 1974, a group of conservative lawmakers, led by Senator Robert Taft (R-OH) and John Sparkman (D-AL) issued a ?manifesto for recovery?, calling for a broad range of reforms: A sizeable cut in spending, tax cuts across the board to stimulate the economy and the repeal of several government regulations. The White House formally didn?t comment, but even Vice President Ford said that some ?good points? are in the paper. He also renewed the administration?s demand to deregulate the energy market and impose tax cuts for the middle class, something that President Rockefeller called for during a campaign speech in New York back in July. Senate Majority Leader Hubert Humphrey said he wouldn?t allow any law to pass that ?hurts our workers? and emphasized the need to increase the minimum wage to 2.10 dollars, any idea that Senator Barry Goldwater (R-AZ) called ?irresponsible?. Political observers already remembered the 1970 midterm elections that saw major Republican gains following a declining economy. However, they noted, this time the situation was more serious than four years earlier.


August 31, 1974: New Galup poll

Stable over June and July, in the late August 1974 Gallup poll, President Rockefeller's approval rating dropped to 51%, the lowest so far in his presidency. Meanwhile, disapproval hit 43%, another record so far. The generic ballot for the upcoming midterm elections has a clear Democratic advantage now.

President Rockefeller job approval
Approve: 51%
Disapprove: 43%

1974 congressional elections ? generic ballot
Democratic: 47%
Republican: 40%


September 2, 1974: Salvador Allende dies in Cuban exile, Castro accuses US of assassination plot



On September 2, 1974, Salvador Allende was reportedly dead; soon after, Fidel Castro accussed the United States of murder

In the early morning hours of September 2, 1974, news broke that Salvador Allende, the former president of Chile, whose government was de facto overthrown in the previous fall, has died of a heart attack at the of 66. Soon after his death, which was not commented by the Rockefeller Administration, Cuban Leader Fidel Castro publically accused the United States of an assassination plot. He claimed that Allende was poisoned by an exile Cuban who works for the CIA. Castro announced that Soviet medical experts would examine Allende?s body and issue a report within a few weeks. Calls by the official Chilean government to turn over the body to Santiago were repeatedly denied by Havana. On September 5, Secretary of State Richard Nixon responded on the administration?s behalf and called the accessions a ?blunt lie and fabrication?. He also called on the Soviet Union to stop ?pretending the Cuban claims are reasonable? after Soviet Premier Kosygin said that Castro might have point. The Soviet Leader also threatened consequences for the SALT II negotiations if the accessions turn out to be true. At a press conference on September 7, President Rockefeller for the first time directly addressed the matter: ?The accusations by Castro and his food starved regime are absolutely false. If the USSR believes them and threatens the United States over ongoing negotiations, I would like to remind our friends in Moscow that such a treaty is in their interest because they can?t win an arms race.? Going in the fall, a question in everybody?s mind was: Is Allende?s death a test for US-Soviet relations?

[President Johnson]

September 13, 1974: Soviet report states that poisoning of Allende is ?likely?, threating US-Soviet relations



Eleven days after the death of ousted Chilean President Salvador Allende in Cuban exile, Soviet medical experts in Cuba issued a report that states that it is ?likely? that the former Socialist leader fell victim to a poison attack, leading to a fatal heart attack. ?If that was to be the case, the United States government is most likely involved in one form or another? the report further stated. The Kremlin was reportedly upset about the development and Premier Kosygin demanded immediate ?explanation? by the United States and spoke of a three day deadline, threatening consequences. Officials of the Rockefeller Administration rejected the claims and harshly responded to a deadline. Vice President Gerald Ford told the press: ?Nobody imposes deadlines on the United States. The Rockefeller/Ford Administration won?t allow America to be humiliated on the world stage.? Others like Secretary of State Richard Nixon called the claims ?ridiculous and false.? Nevertheless, even among US papers, doubts remained. The Washington Post openly questioned why the administration responded with such harsh language. Attorney General Spiro Agnew subsequently got involved in the discussion, when he said to the Post: ?Isn?t it a disgrace when a major US newspapers believes a foreign advisory government more than its own administration? I demand an apology.?

On September 17, 1974, the Politburo in Moscow announced that steps against the United States are being considered following the Rockefeller Administration?s refusal to further comment on Allende?s alleged assassination. On September 28, 1974, a Soviet sponsored UN resolution against the United States and the new government of Chile was vetoed by the United States, The Republic of China and Great Britain (France abstained from the vote what reportedly angered President Rockefeller).


September 18, 1974: President Rockefeller imposes arms embargo on Turkey following invasion of Cyprus



As a result of a Turkish invasion in Cyprus, President Rockefeller imposed an arms embargo on September 18, 1974

Another troublespot in the world: Back in August, Turkey invaded Cyprus and de facto put the northern part of the island under Turkish rule. On the administration?s behalf, Secretaries Nixon and Romney vehemently criticized the NATO partner for the move and threatened further consequences. Especially Nixon tried convince the president from a tough response. Finally, on September 18, President Rockefeller signed a law that imposed an arms embargo on Turkey. He also signed a decree suspending various cooperation programs with the Turkish military. In a public statement, he called for the restoration of the previous status and offered American diplomacy to resolve the conflicts on the island between Greek and Turkish population groups.


September 30, 1974: Government shutdown! Last minute budget negotiations failed, President Rockefeller vetoes spending bills



During the last hours of September, Senate Majority Leader Hubert Humphrey had to announce that a government shutdown was to begin after budget negotiations with the Rockefeller Administration failed

A little more than a month ahead of the midterm elections, there is a government shutdown after negotiations between congressional leaders and the administration on the 1974/75 budget failed. Senate Democrats demanded higher spending on domestic programs to ?ease the impacts of the economic downturn?, while the administration was determined to reduce spending increases to keep the deficit somewhat under control. On the afternoon of September 30, Senate Majority Leader Hubert Humphrey said at the White House that the talks ?were not successful?. Humphrey also demanded an increase of the minimum wage; an idea that President Rockefeller was open to, but demanded concessions on other areas and the passage of the energy market deregulation bill. Albert and Humphrey responded that they ?don?t have the votes to pass this?.

On midnight of September 30, the US government officially was shut down and only performed a limited number of essential services. The next day, it was announced that Senate Majority Leader Hubert Humphrey and Speaker Carl Albert would later meet for a private conversation with President Nelson Rockefeller and Vice President Gerald Ford in the Oval Office.


September 30, 1974: New Gallup polls

Just a little over a month until the midterm elections, the president's approval remains at 50%, while disapproval climed to 44%, the highest on record since Rocky's inauguration in January 1973. How will it impact the elections?


President Rockefeller job approval
Approve: 50%
Disapprove: 44%


1974 congressional elections ? generic ballot
Democratic: 48%
Republican: 43%


Key issues for the midterms elections

Gallup also conducted a poll among likely voters, asking what issues are most important to them ahead of the midterm elections. Multiple answers were permitted in this survey.

The economy: 84%
World peace: 78%
Energy: 73%
Taxation: 54%
Health care: 40%
Drug policy: 39%
Infrastructure: 34%
Budget deficit: 33%
Environment: 28%
Education: 24%
Civil rights: 20%
Other government services: 18%
Other issues: 10%


New York gubernatorial election
Robert F. Kennedy (D)¹: 49%
Malcolm Wilson (R, inc.): 43%


New York senate election
Jacob K. Javits (R, inc.)¹: 44%
Ramsey Clark (D): 42%
Barbara Keating (Cons.): 12%

¹ Both Robert F. Kennedy, a Democrat, and Jacob Javits, a Republican, are supported by the local Liberal Party of New York. While the local Conservative Party endorsed Republican governor Malcolm Wilson, the pary nominated an own candidate in the senate race to oppose liberal Republican senator Jacob Javits


California senate election
Alan Cranston (D, inc.): 47%
Robert Finch (R): 45%


California gubernatorial election
Houston Flournoy (R): 49%
Edmund G. Brown Jr. (D): 44%