List of Alternate Presidents

[Unconditional Surrender Truman]

PRESIDENTS of the UNITED STATES
32. Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democratic-New York) 1933 - 1934
33. Smedley D. Butler (Military, Socialist-Pennsylvania) 1934 - 1940 [1]
34. Norman Thomas (Socialist-New York) 1940 - 1949
35. Thomas E. Dewey (Progressive Conservative-New York) 1949 - 1953
36. Darlington Hoopes (Socialist-Pennsylvania) 1953 - 1957
37. Margaret Chase Smith (Progressive Conservative-Maine) 1957 - 1965
38. George W. Romney (Progressive Conservative-Michigan) 1965 - 1969
39. George McGovern (Socialist-South Dakota) 1969 - 1977
40. Frank F. Church (Socialist-Idaho) 1977 - 1984
41. Barry Commoner (Socialist-Missouri) 1984 - 1985
42. John B. Anderson (Progressive Conservative-Illinois) 1965 - 1993
43. James M. Jeffords (Progressive Conservative-Vermont) 1993 - 1997
44. Ralph Nader (Environmental Democrats-Connecticut) 1997 - 2001
45. James M. Jeffords (Progressive Conservative-Vermont) 2001 - 2005
46. W. Mitt Romney (Progressive Conservative-Massachusetts) 2005 - 2009
47. Bernard Sanders (Socialist-Vermont) 2009 - 2017
48. Sherrod Brown (Socialist-Ohio) 2017 - incumbent

[1] Installed as president following the successful November Coup against Franklin Roosevelt's administration, Butler soon turned on the conservative nationalists who had organized the coup and aligned himself with the political left. After successfully suppressing an attempted second coup in 1936, he restored constitutional government in his will, designating Secretary of State Norman Thomas as his successor.

[Unconditional Surrender Truman]

[snip]

Wrong thread; you're looking for this.

[Unconditional Surrender Truman]

PRESIDENTS of the UNITED STATES
1. George Washington (Independent, Virginia) 1789 - 1793
2. John Adams (Federalist, Massachusetts) 1793 - 1797 [1]
3. Thomas Jefferson (Republican, Virginia) 1797 - 1801 [2]
(2) John Adams (Federalist, Massachusetts) 1801 - 1809 [1]
4. John Marshall (Federalist, Virginia) 1809 - 1813
5. DeWitt Clinton (Republican, New York) 1813 - 1817 [3]
6. Rufus King (Federalist, New York) 1817 - 1821
7. Henry Clay (Republican, Kentucky) 1821 - 1833 [4]
8. Daniel Webster (National Republican, Massachusetts) 1833 - 1841 [5]
9. Winfield Scott (National Republican, Virginia) 1841 - 1845
10. Thomas Hart Benton (Liberal, Missouri) 1845 - 1853
11. Stephen Douglas (National Republican, Illinois) 1853 - 1857 [6]
12. Abraham Lincoln (National Republican, Illinois) 1857 - 1861
13. Schuyler Colfax (National Republican, Indiana) 1861 - 1865
14. Horatio Seymour (Liberal, New York) 1865 - 1869
15. Ulysses S. Grant (Liberal, Illinois) 1869 - 1871 [7]
16. Samuel J. Tilden (Liberal, New York) 1871 - 1873
18. Roscoe Conkling (National Republican, New York) 1873 - 1877
(16) Samuel J. Tilden (Liberal, New York) 1877 - 1885
19. James Garfield (Union, Ohio) 1885 - 1889
20. Allen G. Thurman (Liberal, Ohio) 1889 - 1893
21. George F. Edmunds (Union, Ohio) 1893 - 1897
22. Thomas B. Reed (Union, Maine) 1897 - 1901
23. William J. Bryan (People's, Nebraska) 1901 - 1909 [8]
24. John W. Kern (People's, Indiana) 1909 - 1913
25. Robert M. LaFollette (Progressive Conservative, Wisconsin) 1913 - 1917
26. Thomas R. Marshall (People's, Indiana) 1917 - 1921
(25) Robert M. LaFollette (Progressive Conservative, Wisconsin) 1921 - 1925
27. Herbert Hoover (Progressive Conservative, California) 1925 - 1929
28. Norman Thomas (People's, California) 1929 - 1933
(27) Herbert Hoover (Progressive Conservative, California) 1933 - 1937
29. Paul V. McNutt (Labor, Indiana) 1937 - 1949
30. Thomas E. Dewey (Progressive Conservative, New York) 1949 - 1953
31. Estes Kefauver (Labor, Tennessee) 1953 - 1961
32. Hubert H. Humphrey (Labor, Minnesota) 1961 - 1965
33. Nelson Rockefeller (Progressive Conservative, New York) 1965 - 1969
(32) Hubert H. Humphrey (Labor, Minnesota) 1969 - 1973
34. George Romney (Progressive Conservative, Michigan) 1969 - 1981
35. John Anderson (Progressive Conservative, Illinois) 1981 - 1985
36. Walter Mondale (Labor, Minnesota) 1985 - 1989
37. Jim Jeffords (Progressive Conservative, Vermont) 1989 - 1993
38. Mario Cuomo (Labor, New York) 1993 - 2001
(36) Jim Jeffords (Progressive Conservative, Vermont) 2001 - 2009
39. Joe Biden (Labor, Delaware) 2009 - incumbent

[1] Washington's refusal to seek a second term left Adams the heir apparent, and he was elected president over George Clinton in 1792. The unpopular Whisky Tax and the old charge of "monarchism" conspired to bring about his defeat in 1796, but he was returned to office four years later and served an additional two terms. His second presidency was marked by improved (if rocky) relations with Great Britain, the resolution of the Quasi War, and the defeat of the Barbary Pirates in North Africa.
[2] Jefferson's initial popularity was sharply reversed by the XYZ Affair, which served a damning rebuke to the Republicans' pro-French sympathies, and he was soundly defeated by Adams in the Election of 1800.
[3] Ill-feeling towards Britain over her policy of impressment and the dream of expanding into Canada allowed the hawkish Clinton to win the election of 1812, but his mismanagement of the Anglo-American War ensured his defeat when he stood for reelection in 1816.
[4] Clay's three terms were termed the "Era of Good Feeling" heralded by the inauguration of his American System and the collapse of the Federalist Party (and with it, the bitter sparring of the First Party System).
[5] Elected in the midst of the Nullification Crisis of 1832, Webster's hardline response to Southern Nullifiers resulted in the War of Nullification, which ended in victory for the Federal forces and the adoption of the 13th Amendment mandating the gradual abolition of slavery.
[6] Ambitious and highly competent, Douglas was also undeniably corrupt. When it was discovered he had awarded government contracts for the construction of the Transcontinental Railroad so as to enrich himself and his friends, the "Little Giant" was thrown out by the National Republican Convention and replaced by the uncontroversial Abraham Lincoln.
[7] A hero of the Mexican War (186-1868), Grant died just over a year into his term and was replaced by Vice President Samuel Tilden.
[8] Bryan was elected on a joint ticket with the (National) Liberal and Independent Labor parties. He was narrowly reelected in 1904 in one of the closest elections on record, defeating the McKinley-Parker ticket 49.5-49.4% in the popular vote.

[Unconditional Surrender Truman]

PRESIDENTS-GENERAL of the UNITED STATES
George Washington (No Party, Virginia), 1789 - 1799 †
Benjamin Rush (No Party, Pennsylvania) 1799 - 1809 ˚
John Marshall (Federalist, Virginia) 1809 - 1835 †
John Quincy Adams (Independent, Massachusetts) 1835 - 1848 †
Winfield Scott (Federal, Virginia) 1848 - 1866 †
David Davis (Independent, Illinois) 1866 - 1886 †
Robert Todd Lincoln (Federal, New York) 1886 - 1920 ˚
John J. Pershing (Independent, Missouri) 1920 - 1946 ˚
George C. Marshall (Independent, Pennsylvania) 1946 - 1959 †
Dean G. Acheson (Liberal, New York) 1959 - 1969 ˚
George Romney (Federal, Michigan) 1969 - 1995
Richard G. Lugar (Federal, Indiana) 1995 - incumbent


† Died      ˚ Resigned


SPEAKERS of the HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES [1]
1. John Adams (Federalist, Massachusetts) 1789 - 1791
2. John Jay (Federalist, New York) 1791 - 1793
(1) John Adams (Federalist, Massachusetts) 1793 - 1803
3. Rufus King (Federalist, New York) 1803 - 1805
4. John Marshall (Federalist, Virginia) 1805 - 1809
(3) Rufus King (Federalist, New York) 1809 - 1811
5. James Monroe (Federalist, Virginia) 1811 - 1813
6. Jared Ingersoll (Federalist, Pennsylvania) 1813 - 1815
7. Henry Clay (National Republican, Kentucky) 1815 - 1821
8. Nicholas Biddle (Federal, Pennsylvania) 1821 - 1823
(7) Henry Clay (National Republican, Kentucky) 1823 - 1831
9. Daniel Webster (Federal, Massachusetts) 1831 - 1835
10. Hugh L. White (National Republican, Tennessee) 1835 - 1837
11. James K. Polk (National Republican, Tennessee) 1837 - 1839
(7) Henry Clay (National Republican, Kentucky) 1839 - 1841
12. Rufus Choate (Federal, Massachusetts) 1841 - 1845
(11) James K. Polk (National Republican, Tennessee) 1845 - 1851
13. Millard Fillmore (Federal, New York) 1851 - 1853
14. Stephen Douglas (National Republican, Illinois) 1853 - 1859
15. Hannibal Hamlin (Federal, Maine) 1859 - 1867
16. William H. Seward (Federal, New York) 1867 - 1872
17. Oliver P. Morton (Federal, Indiana) 1872 - 1873
18. Charles F. Adams (Federal, Massachusetts) 1873 - 1877
19. James Garfield (Liberal, Ohio) 1877 - 1881
20. James G. Blaine (Federal, Maine) 1881 - 1883
(19) James Garfield (Liberal, Ohio) 1883 - 1887
(20) James G. Blaine (Federal, Maine) 1887 - 1891
21. Grover Cleveland (Liberal, New York) 1891 - 1893
22. William McKinley (Federal, Ohio) 1893 - 1895
(21) Grover Cleveland (Liberal, New York) 1895 - 1897
23. Garret Hobart (Federal, New Jersey) 1897 - 1899
(22) William McKinley (Federal, Ohio) 1899 - 1905
24. Charles W. Fairbanks (Federal, Indiana) 1905 - 1907
25. J. Beauchamp Clark (Liberal, Missouri) 1907 - 1913
26. Thomas R. Marshall (Liberal, Indiana) 1913 - 1915
27. Theodore Roosevelt (Federal, New York) 1915 - 1921 [2]
28. Warren G. Harding (Federal, Ohio) 1921 - 1925
29. William G. McAdoo (Liberal, California) 1925 - 1929
30. Herbert Hoover (Federal, California) 1929 - 1933
31. Alfred E. Smith (Liberal, New York) 1933 - 1937
32. Alfred M. Landon (Federal, Kansas) 1937 - 1949
33. Thomas E. Dewey (Liberal, New York) 1949 - 1957
34. Richard M. Nixon (Federal, California) 1957 - 1961
35. Lyndon B. Johnson (Liberal, Texas) 1961 - 1969
36. William E. Miller (Federal, New York) 1969 - 1977
37. Ronald Reagan (Federal, California) 1977 - 1981
38. Lloyd Bentsen (Liberal, Texas) 1981 - 1993
39. Bob Dole (Federal, Kansas) 1993 - 2001
40. Richard G. Cheney (Federal, Texas) 2001 - 2009
41. William B. Richardson (Liberal, New Mexico) 2009 - 2013
42. Mitchell E. Daniels (Federal, Indiana) 2013 - incumbent

[1] In the tradition of the colonial assemblies that predated the Revolution, the Speaker wielded considerable power, and by the mid 19th Century had assumed most of the powers of a head of government, the presidency-general being a largely ceremonial (though not insignificant) office.
[2] A Constitutional Amendment adopted in 1916 extended the term of the House of Representatives from two years to four.

[Unconditional Surrender Truman]

PRESIDENTS of the HARTFORD CONFEDERATION
1. Timothy Pickering [High Federalist] 1815 - 1823
2. Josiah Quincy III [High Federalist] 1823 - 1827
3. Calvin Goddard [Moderate] 1827 - 1831
4. Martin Van Buren [National Republican] 1831 - 1839
5. Levi Woodbury [National Republican] 1839 - 1847
6. Daniel Webster [Union] 1847 - 1852
A. Millard Fillmore [Union] 1852 - 1855
7. Franklin Pierce [National Republican] 1855 - 1859
8. Charles Francis Adams [Union] 1859 - 1867
9. Hannibal Hamlin [Union] 1867 - 1875
10. Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain [Union] 1875 - 1879
11. Samuel J. Tilden [People's] 1879 - 1886
A. Benjamin Butler [People's] 1886 - 1887
12. Levi P. Morton [Union] 1887 - 1895
13. Thomas B. Reed [Union] 1895 - 1902
A. Frank S. Black [Union] 1902 - 1903
14. Theodore Roosevelt [Progressive-Conservative] 1903 - 1911
15. Charles E. Hughes [Progressive-Conservative] 1911 - 1919
(14) Theodore Roosevelt [Independent] 1919 - 1922
A. Alfred E. Smith [Liberal] 1922 - 1923
15. Calvin Coolidge [Conservative] 1923 - 1931
16. Alfred E. Smith [Liberal] 1931 - 1939
17. Wilbur L. Cross [Liberal] 1939 - 1947
18. Thomas E. Dewey [Conservative] 1947 - 1955
19. Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. [Conservative] 1955 - 1959
20. John F. Kennedy [Liberal] 1959 - 1963
21. Nelson Rockefeller [Conservative] 1963 - 1975
22. Edmund S. Muskie [Liberal] 1975 - 1983
23. Patrick Leahy [Liberal] 1983 - 1991
24. Michael Dukakis [Liberal] 1991 - 1995
25. Susan Collins [Conservative] 1995 - 2003
26. Howard Dean [Liberal] 2003 - 2011
27. Jeanne Shaheen [Liberal] 2011 - incumbent

PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS
1815*   Timothy Pickering, Federalist (97%)   Scattered (3%)
1819*   Timothy Pickering, Federalist (88%)   J.Q. Adams, Anti-Federalist (11%)   Scattered (1%)
1823     Josiah Quincy, Federalist (55%)     J.Q. Adams, Anti-Federalist (44%),     Scattered (2%)
1827     Calvin Goddard, Moderate (45%)     Josiah Quincy, Federalist (39%)     Martin Van Buren, Anti-Federalist (16%)
1831     Martin Van Buren, NR (41%)   W.A. Palmer, Anti-Mason (35%)   Calvin Goddard, write-in (19%)   Scattered (5%)
1835     Martin Van Buren, NR (57%)     William Strong, Anti-Mason (41%)     Francis Granger, Federalist (6%)
1839     Levi Woodbury, NR (51%)     Daniel Webster, Union (45%)     Silas Jennison, Anti-Mason (4%)
1843     Levi Woodbury, NR (54%)     William G. Crosby, Union (43%)     Scattering (3%)
1847     Daniel Webster, Union (51%)     Franklin Pierce, NR (49%)
1851     Daniel Webster, Union (57%)     John Hale, NR (41%)     Scattering (2%)
1855     Franklin Pierce, NR (45%)     Charles Adams, Union (29%)     Millard Fillmore, Union (24%)
1859     Charles Adams, Union (57%)     Franklin Pierce, NR (35%)     George Law, Nativist (8%)
1863     Charles Adams, Union (64%)     Horatio Seymour, NR (36%)
1867     Hannibal Hamlin, Union (55%)     Sanford Church, NR (45%)
1871     Hannibal Hamlin, Union (59%)     Charles O'Conor, NR (41%)
1875     J. Chamberlain, Union (49%)     Samuel Tilden, NR (48%)     Peter Cooper, Labor (3%)
1879     Samuel Tilden, People's (51%)     Joshua Chamberlain, Dem (49%)
1883     Samuel Tilden, People's (50%*)     James G. Blaine, Dem (50%)
1887     Levi Morton, Union (61%)     Benjamin Butler, People's (37%)     Scattered (2%)
1891     Levi Morton, Union (58%)     Grover Cleveland, People's (42%)
1895     Thomas Reed, Union (59%)     Grover Cleveland, Liberal (39%)     Scattering (2%)
1899     Thomas Reed, Union (55%)     Augustus Van Wyck, Liberal (40%)     Henry Metcalf, Temperance (5%)
1903     T. Roosevelt, PC (45%)   Alton Parker, Liberal (21%)   Frank Black, Union (19%)   Henry Metcalf, Temp (15%)
1907     T. Roosevelt, PC (49%)     James Sherman, Union (34%)     Alton B. Parker, Liberal (18%)
1911     Charles Hughes, PC (57%)     Simeon Baldwin, Liberal (42%)     Scattering (1%)
1915     Charles Hughes, PC (54%)     G.B. McClellan, Liberal (46%)
1919     T. Roosevelt, Ind (52%)     Calvin Coolidge, PC (47%)     Allan Benson, Socialist (1%)
1923     Calvin Coolidge, Con (55%)     Al Smith, Liberal (31%)     A.L. Kline, Pro (14%)
1927     Calvin Coolidge, Con (59%)     Homer Cummings, Liberal (22%)     John Dewey, Pro (19%)
1931     Al Smith, Liberal (53%)     James Wadsworth, Con (47%)
1935     Al Smith, Liberal (55%)     Joseph Martin, Con (43%)     Scattering (2%)
1939     Wilbur Cross, Liberal (51%)     Joseph Martin, Con (49%)
1943     Wilbur Cross, Liberal (59%)     Thomas Dewey, Con (41%)
1947     Thomas Dewey, Con (55%)     Joe Kennedy, Liberal (44%)     Scattering (1%)
1951     Thomas Dewey, Con (61%)     Herbert Lehman, Liberal (37%)     Scattering (2%)
1955     Henry Lodge, Con (53%)     John Kennedy, Liberal (46%)     Scattering (1%)
1959     John Kennedy, Liberal (50%)     Henry Lodge, Con (49%)     Scattering (1%)
1963     Nelson Rockefeller, Con (54%)     John Kennedy, Liberal (43%)     Scattering (2%)
1967     Nelson Rockefeller, Con (69%)     Abraham Ribicoff, Liberal (29%)     Scattering (2%)
1971     Nelson Rockefeller, Con (54%)     Ed Muskie, Liberal (46%)
1975     Ed Muskie, Liberal (53%)     Dean C. Davis, Con (46%)     Scattering (1%)
1979     Ed Muskie, Liberal (55%)     Robert Stafford, Con (45%)
1983     Patrick Leahy, Liberal (52%)     George Bush, Con (47%)     Scattering (1%)
1987     Patrick Leahy, Liberal (51%)     Bill Cohen, Con (47%)     Scattering (2%)
1991     Michael Dukakis, Liberal (49%*)     John Sununu (49%)     Scattering (2%)
1995     Susan Collins, Con (55%)     Michael Dukakis, Liberal (42%)     Scattering (3%)
1999     Susan Collins, Con (59%)     John Kerry, Liberal (40%)     Scattering (1%)
2003     Howard Dean, Liberal (52%)     George Pataki, Con (47%)     Scattering (1%)
2007     Howard Dean, Liberal (55%)     Rudy Giuliani, Con (43%)     Scattering (1%)
2011     Jeanne Shaheen, Liberal (57%)     Paul LePage, Con (41%)     Scattering (2%)
2015     Jeanne Shaheen, Liberal (49%)     Phil Scott, Con (47%)     Bernie Sanders, Ind (4%)


*The Anti-Federalist Party, a mixture of Republicans and moderate "Adams men", largely boycotted the elections of 1815 and 1819, which they saw as illegitimate. During this period, Pickering's High Federalists faced only minimal opposition at the ballot box, despite representing a minority of the population. Not until 1823 did the Anti-Federalists recognize secession as a fair accompli and begin to organize themselves as a true opposition party.

[Unconditional Surrender Truman]

PRESIDENTS of the UNITED STATES
35. Richard M. Nixon (Republican, California) 1961 - 1965
36. Hubert H. Humphrey (Democratic, Minnesota) 1965 - 1973
37. Matthew E. Welsh (Democratic, Indiana) 1973 - 1977
38. Howard H. Baker (Republican, Tennessee) 1977 - 1985
39. Paul D. Laxalt (Republican, Nevada) 1985 - 1989
40. Joseph R. Biden (Democratic, Delaware) 1989 - 1997
41. John S. McCain III (Republican, Arizona) 1997 - 2005
42. John R. Edwards (Democratic, North Carolina) 2005 - 2009
43. W. Mitt Romney (Republican, Massachusetts) 2009 - 2013
44. Sherrod C. Brown (Democratic, Ohio) 2013 - incumbent

[Unconditional Surrender Truman]

PRESIDENTS of the EXECUTIVE COUNCIL [1]
1. Benjamin Franklin (No Party, Pennsylvania) 1787 - 1788
2. Cyrus Griffin (No Party, Virginia) 1788 - 1789
3. William Flemming (No Party, Virginia) 1789 - 1790
4. John Hancock (No Party, Massachusetts) 1790 - 1791
5. George Clinton (No Party, New York) 1791 - 1792
6. Oliver Ellsworth (No Party, Connecticut) 1792 - 1793
7. Alexander Hamilton (Federalist, New York) 1793 - 1794 [2]
8. James Madison (Federalist, Virginia) 1794 - 1795
9. Samuel Adams (Independent, Massachusetts) 1795 - 1796
10. John Jay (Federalist, New York) 1796 - 1797 [3]
(7) Alexander Hamilton (Federalist, New York) 1797 - 1800
11. Charles C. Pinckney (Federalist, South Carolina) 1800 - 1803
12. Aaron Burr (Federalist, New York) 1803 - 1806
(8.) James Madison (Republican, Virginia) 1806 - 1809
13. Albert Gallatin (Republican, New York) 1809 - 1812
14. DeWitt Clinton (Republican, New York) 1812 - 1815
15. John Marshall (Federalist, Virginia) 1815 - 1818
16. James Monroe (Republican, Virginia) 1818 - 1821
(14) DeWitt Clinton (Republican, New York) 1821 - 1824
17. Henry Clay (Republican, Kentucky) 1824 - 1827
18. Martin Van Buren (Democratic, New York) 1827 - 1830
19. Roger B. Taney (Democratic, Maryland) 1830 - 1833
20. John Q. Adams (National Republican-Anti Masonic, Massachusetts) 1833 - 1836
21. William Wilkins (Democratic, Pennsylvania) 1836 - 1839
(17) Henry Clay (National Republican, Kentucky) 1839 - 1842
22. John Tyler (Democratic, Virginia) 1842 - 1845
23. Daniel Webster (National Republican-Liberty, Massachusetts) 1845 - 1848
24. William L. Marcy (Democratic, Virginia) 1848 - 1851
25. Stephen Douglas (Democratic, Illinois) 1851 - 1854
26. Hannibal Hamlin (Free Soil Democrat-National Republican-Radical, Maine) 1854 - 1857 [4]
27. William H. Seward (Union, New York) 1857 - 1860
28. Schuyler Colfax (Union, Indiana) 1860 - 1863
(27) William H. Seward (Union, New York) 1863 - 1866
29. Charles Sumner (Union, Massachusetts) 1866 - 1869
30. Oliver P. Morton (Union, Indiana) 1869 - 1871
31. Charles F. Adams (Liberal, Massachusetts) 1871 - 1874
32. Thomas A. Hendricks (Liberal, Indiana) 1874 - 1877
33. James Garfield (Union, Ohio) 1877 - 1880
34. William H. English (Liberal, Indiana) 1880 - 1883
35. James G. Blaine (Conservative, Maine) 1883 - 1886
36. Robert T. Lincoln (Conservative, New York) 1886 - 1889
(35) James G. Blaine (Conservative, Maine) 1889 - 1892
37. Isaac P. Gray (Liberal, Indiana) 1892 - 1895
28. Levi P. Morton (Conservative, New York) 1895 - 1898
29. Matthew S. Quay (Conservative, Pennsylvania) 1898 - 1901
30. William J. Stone (Liberal-Radical, Missouri) 1901 - 1904
31. Henry G. Davis (Liberal-Radical, West Virginia) 1904 - 1907
32. John W. Kern (Liberal-Radical, Indiana) 1907 - 1910
33. Charles W. Fairbanks (Conservative, Indiana) 1910 - 1913
34. Theodore Roosevelt (Conservative, New York) 1913 - 1916
35. William J. Bryan (Radical-Liberal, Nebraska) 1916 - 1919
36. Thomas R. Marshall (Liberal-Radical, Indiana) 1919 - 1922
37. Franklin D. Roosevelt (Liberal-Radical, New York) 1922 - 1925
38. Burton K. Wheeler (Radical-Liberal, Montana) 1925 - 1928
39. Charles Curtis (Conservative, Kansas) 1928 - 1931
(38) Burton K. Wheeler (SDP, Montana) 1931 - 1934
40. Henry A. Wallace (SDP, Iowa) 1934 - 1937
41. Alf Landon (Conservative, Kansas) 1937 - 1940
42. Frank Knox (Conservative, Massachusetts) 1940 - 1945 [5]
43. Claude Pepper (SDP, Florida) 1945 - 1950
46. Richard M. Nixon (Conservative, California) 1950 - 1955
47. Estes Kefauver (SDP, Tennessee) 1955 - 1960
48. Everett Dirksen (Conservative, Illinois) 1960 - 1965
49. Hubert H. Humphrey (SDP, Minnesota) 1965 - 1970
50. Ed Muskie (SDP, Maine) 1970 - 1975
51. Frank Church (SDP, Idaho) 1875 - 1980
52. Jack Kemp (Conservative, New York) 1980 - 1985
53. Bob Dole (Conservative, Kansas) 1985 - 1990
54. Richard G. Lugar (Conservative, Indiana) 1990 - 1995
55. Mario Cuomo (SDP, New York) 1995 - 2000
56. John S. McCain (Conservative, Arizona) 2000 - 2005
57. Mitch Daniels (Conservative, Indiana) 2005 - 2010
58. Elizabeth Warren (SDP, Massachusetts) 2010 - 2015
59. Martin O'Malley (SDP, Maryland) 2015 - incumbent

[1] Established by the so-called "Paterson Amendments" to the Articles of Confederation adopted by the Annapolis Convention of 1786, the Executive Council consisted of twelve members chosen annually by the Congress of the Confederation who together composed the executive branch. The president of the council was designated the chief executive and the face of the executive branch.
[2] Hamilton was the first president to actively lobby for his agenda before Congress, and the first to make the Executive Council fully independent of the legislature. In 1797, he became the first former president elected to lead the Executive Council; his second administration saw the United States declare war on France over the XYZ Affair. Following the end of his term, he was named Commander-in-Chief of the United States Army and led the campaign to capture Louisiana.
[3] The "Jay Amendments" to the Articles of Confederation established a central bank and lengthened the term of the Executive Council from one year to three.
[4] The victory of the "Free Soil Coalition" in the 1854 elections represented the culmination of a decade-long battle over the future of slavery in the western territories, and Hamlin's election to the presidency of an Executive Council controlled by anti-slavery parties spurred the South to rebellion. The resulting Civil War would last nine years and claim more than 750,000 casualties on both sides; the men who presided over the national government during this period (Hamlin and his two successors, Seward and Colfax), are known collectively as the "War Presidents."
[5] The Knox Amendment, adopted as an emergency war measure in 1942, extended the term of the Executive Council from three years to five.

[Unconditional Surrender Truman]

PRESIDENTS of the UNITED STATES
44. Barack H. Obama (Democratic, Illinois) January 20, 2009 - November 4, 2012 †
45. Joseph R. Biden (Democratic, Delaware) November 4, 2012 - January 20, 2013
46. W. Mitt Romney (Republican, Massachusetts) January 20, 2013 - January 20, 2017
47. Joseph R. Biden (Democratic, Delaware) January 20, 2017 - incumbent

† Assassinated

. . .

PRESIDENTS of the UNITED STATES
42. William J. Clinton (Democratic, Arkansas) January 20, 1993 - November 7, 2000 †
43. Albert A. Gore (Democratic, Tennessee) November 7, 2000 - January 20, 2001 [1]
44. Dennis Hastert (Republican, Illinois) January 20, 2001 - January 20, 2001 [2]
45. Lawrence H. Summers (Democratic, Connecticut) January 20, 2001 - January 21, 2001 [3]
46. Dennis Hastert (Republican, Illinois) January 21, 2001 - January 23, 2001 [4]
47. Lawrence H. Summers (Democratic, Connecticut) January 23, 2001 - January 23, 2001 [5]
48. Albert A. Gore (Democratic, Tennessee) January 23, 2001 - January 20, 2009 [6]
49. John S. McCain III (Republican, Arizona) January 20, 2009 - January 20, 2013
50. Barack H. Obama (Democratic, Illinois) January 20, 2013 - incumbent

† Assassinated
[1] Sworn in as president at 3:00 PM on Election Day, 2000; in the early morning of November 8, the major networks projected that Gore had carried the state of Nevada, making him president-elect with 270 electoral votes to 268 for George W. Bush (map); however, at the quadrennial meeting of the electoral college, one Maine elector pledged to Gore cast her ballot for Ralph Nader. The elector was promptly dismissed and her vote counted for Gore, whereupon lawyers with the Bush campaign filed suit, claiming that this action violated the United States Constitution. The situation remained unresolved at 12:00 PM on January 20, when President Gore transferred the reins to...
[2] Dennis Hastert, the newly-reelected Republican Speaker of the House, who assumed the presidency in accordance with the terms of the Presidential Succession Act of 1947.
[3] Hastert's presidency was immediately contested by Bill Clinton's outgoing Treasury Secretary, Larry Summers, who argued that a member of the legislative branch could not constitutionally succeed to the presidency. After consulting with his own legal team, Summers took the oath of office at 3:00 PM on January 20, declaring Hastert's presidency to be null and void.
[4] Hastert immediately took his case before the Supreme Court, which issued an injunction the following day temporarily naming him Acting President.
[5] Two days later, the court officially ruled in Summers' favor, finding that the line of succession could not constitutionally extend beyond the executive branch, and in the process restoring Summers to the presidency.
[6] Fewer than two hours later, the court at last reached a verdict in Bush vs. State of Maine, finding that the replacement of the Maine elector was in fact constitutional and thus returning Al Gore to the White House.

[Unconditional Surrender Truman]

PRESIDENTS of the UNITED STATES
18. Ulysses S. Grant (Republican, Ohio) 1869 - 1873
19. Charles F. Adams, Sr. (Liberal, Massachusetts) 1873 - 1881
20. Winfield S. Hancock (Liberal, Pennsylvania) 1881 - 1885
21. James Garfield (Conservative, Ohio) 1885 - 1889
22. Allen G. Thurman (Liberal, Ohio) 1889 - 1893
23. William McKinley (Conservative, Ohio) 1893 - 1897
24. Adlai E. Stevenson I (Liberal, Illinois) 1897 - 1905
25. Charles W. Fairbanks (Conservative, Indiana) 1905 - 1909
26. William J. Bryan (Liberal, Nebraska) 1909 - 1917
27. Thomas R. Marshall (Liberal, Indiana) 1917 - 1925
28. Frank O. Lowden (Conservative, Illinois) 1925 - 1929
29. Atlee Pomerene (Liberal, Ohio) 1929 - 1933
30. Herbert Hoover (Conservative, California) 1933 - 1941
31. Arthur H. Vandenburg (Conservative, Michigan) 1941 - 1949
32. Dean G. Acheson (Social Democratic, Connecticut) 1949 - 1953
33. Richard M. Nixon (Conservative, California) 1953 - 1957
34. Estes Kefauver (Social Democratic, Tennessee) 1957 - 1961
35. Nelson Rockefeller (Conservative, New York) 1961 - 1969
36. George Romney (Conservative, Michigan) 1969 - 1973
37. Hubert H. Humphrey (Social Democratic, Minnesota) 1973 - 1981
38. John P. Sears (Conservative, New York) 1981 - 1989
39. Alexander M. Haig  (Conservative, Pennsylvania) 1989 - 1993
40. Michael Dukakis (Social Democratic, Massachusetts) 1993 - 1997
41. Richard G. Lugar (Conservative, Indiana) 1997 - 2005
42. John S. McCain III (Conservative, Arizona) 2005 - 2009
43. Joseph R. Biden (Social Democratic, Delaware) 2009 - 2017
44. Sherrod Brown (Social Democratic, Ohio) 2017 - incumbent

[Unconditional Surrender Truman]

PRESIDENTS of the CONTINENTAL CONGRESS - at Philadelphia (1775 - 1776)
1. Peyton Randolph of Virginia (No Party) 1775 - 1775
2. John Hancock of Massachusetts (No Party) 1775 - 1777 †

COMMANDERS-IN-CHIEF of the CONTINENTAL ARMY
George Washington of Virginia   1775 - 1776 ††
Horatio Lloyd Gates of New York   1776 - 1776 *

* Captured (never served)     † Captured, subsequently hanged     †† Killed



PRESIDENTS of the CONTINENTAL CONGRESS - in exile at Paris (1777 - 1782)
3. Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania (No Party) 1777 - 1782

COMMANDING GENERALS of the NEW ARMY
Benedict Arnold of Connecticut   1777 - 1782



FIRST PRESIDENTS of the EXECUTIVE COUNCIL - at Albany (1782 - 1793)
1. Phillip Schuyler of New York (No Party) 1782 - 1785
2. George Clinton of New York (No Party) 1785 - 1786
3. James Wilkinson of Maryland (No Party) 1786 - 1788
4. Alexander Hamilton of New York (No Party) 1788 - 1790
5. Arthur St. Clair of Pennsylvania (No Party) 1790 - 1791
6. John Jay of New York (No Party) 1791 - 1793

COMMANDERS-IN-CHIEF of the UNITED STATES
Benedict Arnold of Connecticut   1782 - 1791
Henry Knox of Massachusetts   1791 - 1793



PRESIDENTS of the COUNCIL OF STATE - at Albany (1793 - present)
1. Benedict Arnold of Connecticut (Pro-Administration) 1793 - 1800
2. Aaron Burr of New York (Pro-Administration) 1800 - 1803
3. Alexander Hamilton of New York (Hamiltonian) 1803 - 1812
4. Timothy Pickering of Massachusetts (Hamiltonian) 1812 - 1815
5. James McHenry of Maryland (Hamiltonian) 1815 - 1816 †
6. John Marshall of Chesapeake (Independent) 1816 - 1821
7. John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts (Independent) 1821 - 1824
8. Richard Rush of Pennsylvania (National Republican) 1824 - 1827
9. Martin Van Buren of New York (Whig) 1827 - 1836
10. Daniel Webster of Massachusetts (National Republican) 1836 - 1839
11. Henry Clay of Ohio (Whig) 1839 - 1851
12. Stephen Arnold Douglas of Wabash (Whig) 1851 - 1854
13. Edward Everett of Massachusetts (Conservative) 1854 - 1860
14. William Henry Seward of New York (Whig) 1860 - 1863
15. Henry Smith Lane of Wabash (Conservative) 1863 - 1869
16. Samuel Jones Tilden of New York (Liberal) 1869 - 1872
17. James Gillespie Blaine of Maine (Conservative) 1872 - 1878
18. Grover Cleveland of New York (Liberal) 1878 - 1895
19. Thomas Bracket Reed of Maine (Conservative) 1895 - 1901
20. Mark Alonzo Hanna of Eerie (Conservative) 1901 - 1904
21. Gifford Pinchot of Pennsylvania (Progressive) 1904 - 1910
22. Charles Evans Hughes of New York (Progressive) 1910 - 1919
23. James Middleton Cox of Ohio (Liberal) 1919 - 1925
24. Charles G. Dawes of Ohio (Progressive Conservative) 1925 - 1931
25. William Franklin Knox of Massachusetts (Progressive Conservative) 1931 - 1937
26. Arthur Hendrick Vandenburg of Huron (Progressive Conservative) 1937 - 1940
28. William O. Douglas of Minnesota (Labor) 1940 - 1950
29. William Averell Harriman of New York (Labor) 1950 - 1953
30. Robert Alphonso Taft of Ohio (Progressive Conservative) 1953 - 1953 †
31. Margaret Chase Smith of Maine (Progressive Conservative) 1953 - 1962
32. Hubert Horatio Humphrey of Minnesota (Labor) 1962 - 1968
33. George Wilcken Romney of Huron (Progressive Conservative) 1968 - 1974
34. Edward Moore Kennedy of Massachusetts (Labor) 1974 - 1977
35. Spiro Theodore Agnew of Maryland (Progressive Conservative) 1977 - 1980
36. Walter Frederick Mondale of Minnesota (Labor) 1980 - 1983
37. George Herbert Walker Bush of Connecticut (Progressive Conservative) 1983 - 1991
38. Jack French Kemp of New York (Progressive Conservative) 1991 - 1994
39. Mario Matthew Cuomo of New York (Labor) 1994 - 2000
40. Patrick Joseph Leahy of Vermont (Labor) 2000 - 2006
41. John Ellis Bush of Connecticut (Progressive Conservative) 2006 - 2012
42. Cynthia Jeanne Shaheen of New Hampshire (Labor) 2012 - incumbent

† Died in office

[Unconditional Surrender Truman]

PRESIDENTS of the UNITED STATES
1. George Washington (Independent, Virginia) 1789 - 1793 †
2. John Adams (Federalist, Massachusetts) 1793 - 1797 *
3. Thomas Jefferson (Republican, Virginia) 1797 - 1801 *
4. John Adams (Federalist, Massachusetts) 1801 - 1809
5. John Marshall (Federalist, Virginia) 1809 - 1813 *
6. DeWitt Clinton (Republican, New York) 1813 - 1821
7. John Q. Adams (Federalist, Massachusetts) 1821 - 1825 *
8. Henry Clay (Republican, Kentucky) 1825 - 1837 [1]
9. William H. Harrison (Republican, Ohio) 1837 - 1841
10. Martin Van Buren (Whig, New York) 1841 - 1846 † [2]
11. John A. Quitman (Whig, Mississippi) 1846 - 1849 [3]
12. James Buchanan (American, Pennsylvania) 1849 - 1853 [4]
13. Jesse D. Bright (Whig, Indiana) 1853 - 1857 [5]
14. Salmon P. Chase (Democratic, Ohio) 1857 - 1861 [6]
15. William H. Seward (Union, New York) 1861 - 1869 [7]
16. Joshua L. Chamberlain (Union, Maine) 1869 - 1873
17. Benjamin Bristow (Union, Kentucky) 1873 - 1877
18. Charles F. Adams (Liberal, Massachusetts) 1877 - 1881
19. William H. English (Liberal, Indiana) 1881 - 1885
20. John A. Logan (Conservative, Illinois) 1885 - 1886 †
21. James G. Blaine (Conservative, Maine) 1886 - 1889 *
22. Walter Q. Gresham (Liberal, Indiana) 1889 - 1895 †
23. Adlai E. Stevenson I (Liberal, Illinois) 1895 - 1901
24. William B. Allison (Conservative, Iowa) 1901 - 1905
25. Mark Hana (Conservative, Ohio) 1905 - 1909 *
26. William J. Bryan (Liberal, Nebraska) 1909 - 1913
27. Thomas R. Marshall (Liberal, Indiana) 1913 - 1917
28. Atlee Pomerene (Liberal, Ohio) 1917 - 1921 *
29. Frank O. Lowden (Conservative, Ohio) 1921 - 1929
30. Joseph T. Robinson (Liberal, Arkansas) 1929 - 1931 ††
31. James M. Cox (Liberal, Ohio) 1931 - 1933 *
32. Herbert Hoover (Conservative, California) 1933 - 1941
33. Alfred Landon (Conservative, Kansas) 1941 - 1949 [9]
34. Claude Pepper (Farmer Labor, Florida) 1949 - 1953 *
35. Thomas E. Dewey (Conservative, New York) 1953 - 1961
36. Estes Kefauver (Farmer Labor, Tennessee) 1961 - 1963 †
37. Hubert H. Humphrey (Farmer Labor, Minnesota) 1963 - 1973
38. George Romney (Conservative, Michigan) 1973 - 1981
39. Birch Bayh (Farmer Labor, Indiana) 1981 - 1985 *
40. Jack Kemp (Conservative, New York) 1985 - 1989 *
41. Mario Cuomo (Farmer Labor, New York) 1989 - 1997
42. Albert A. Gore (Farmer Labor, Tennessee) 1997 - 2001 *
43. John S. McCain III (Conservative, Arizona) 2001 - 2002 ††
44. John Kasich (Conservative, Ohio) 2002 - 2005 *
45. John Edwards (Farmer Labor, North Carolina) 2005 - 2009 *
46. Mitt Romney (Conservative, Massachusetts) 2009 - 2013 *
47. Bernie Sanders (Farmer Labor, Vermont) 2013 - incumbent

† Died in office of natural causes     * Lost reelection     †† Assassinated

[1] Contracted yellow fever and died in office shortly after the start of his second term.
[2] Elected over the unpopular John Q. Adams in 1825, Clay's American System inaugurated a period of national expansion known as the "Era of Good Feeling." His adoption of select Federalist initiatives, such as the national bank, led to the collapse of that party following the 1832 elections as its members were absorbed into the Republican fold.
[3] Responsible for the annexation of Texas in 1843; subsequently went to war with Mexico for control of the Southwest after narrowly winning reelection the following year. Died in office of an unknown illness (possible food poisoning).
[4] Following the capture of Mexico City in 1846, negotiated the treaty ceding Mexican claims in the American Southwest to the United States. His support for the repeal of the Missouri Compromise to allow for the westward expansion of slavery made him widely unpopular, and he lost his party's nomination ahead of the 1848 elections.
[5] Elected amidst popular antipathy for the Whigs, Buchanan failed miserably to calm sectional tensions and did not seek a second term.
[6] Notorious "doughface" whose perceived closeness to the slave power alienated Northern Whigs. Did not seek reelection.
[7] His election on the anti-slavery Democratic Party prompted the secession of twelve slave states between December 1856 and April 1867, inaugurating the American Civil War. Subsequently issued the Proclamation of Manumission extending freedom to the slaves of the rebel states. Suffered a nervous breakdown following the death of his wife in the fall of 1859; from there on out, the duties of the chief executive were effectively exercised by Secretary of State Seward.
[8] De facto president from 1859 to 1861, his successful prosecution of the war secured the capitulation of the rebellious states in 1864. Oversaw the passage of the 13th and 14th amendments to the Constitution and the reconstruction of the Southern states.
[9] Elected president over a divided field, Langdon subsequently led the nation through the Second World War and was responsible for establishing the League of Nations. Widely regarded among the greatest American presidents.

[Unconditional Surrender Truman]

PRESIDENTS of the UNITED STATES
34. Dwight D. Eisenhower (Republican, Kansas) 1953 - 1955 †
35. Richard M. Nixon (Republican, California) 1955 - 1957
36. Adlai E. Stevenson II (Democratic, Illinois) 1957 - 1963 †
37. C. Estes Kefauver (Democratic, Tennessee) 1963 - 1963 †
38. John W. McCormack (Democratic, Massachusetts) 1963 - 1965
39. Hubert H. Humphrey (Democratic, Minnesota) 1965 - 1969
40. Charles H. Percy (Republican, Illinois) 1969 - 1977
41. Gerald R. Ford (Republican, Michigan) 1977 - 1981
42. Birch E. Bayh, Jr. (Democratic, Indiana) 1981 - 1989
43. Lloyd M. Bentsen, Jr. (Democratic, Texas) 1989 - 1993
44. Jack F. Kemp (Republican, New York) 1993 - 2001
45. Richard G. Lugar (Republican, Indiana) 2001 - 2009
46. Howard B. Dean III (Democratic, Vermont) 2009 - 2017
47. Sherrod C. Brown (Democratic, Ohio) 2017 - incumbent

† Died in office of natural causes

[Unconditional Surrender Truman]

PRESIDENTS of the UNITED STATES
16. Abraham Lincoln (Republican, Illinois) 1861 - 1865 [1]
17. Lafayette S. Foster (Republican, Connecticut) 1865 - 1869 [2]
18. Ulysses S. Grant (Republican, Ohio) 1869 - 1873
19. Lafayette S. Foster (Liberal Republican, Connecticut) 1873 - 1877
20. Samuel Tilden (Democratic, New York) 1877 - 1881
21. James G. Blaine (Republican, Maine) 1881 - 1885
22. Grover Cleveland (Democratic, New York) 1885 - 1889
23. John Sherman (Republican, Ohio) 1889 - 1897
24. Horace Boies (Democratic, Iowa) 1897 - 1905
25. William J. Bryan (Democratic, Nebraska) 1905 - 1909
26. Charles W. Fairbanks (Republican, Indiana) 1909 - 1914 [3]
27. Charles E. Hughes (Republican, New York) 1914 - 1917
28. Thomas R. Marshall (Democratic, Indiana) 1917 - 1921 [3]
29. Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democratic, New York) 1921 - 1929
30. Atlee Pomerene (Democratic, Ohio) 1929 - 1933
31. Herbert Hoover (Republican, California) 1933 - 1941
32. James F. Byrnes (Democratic, South Carolina) 1941 - 1949
33. Thomas E. Dewey (Republican, New York) 1949 - 1953
34. Adlai Stevenson II (Democratic, Illinois) 1953 - 1961
35. Nelson Rockefeller (Republican, New York) 1961 - 1969
36. George Romney (Republican, Michigan) 1969 - 1977
37. Birch Bayh (Democratic, Indiana) 1977 - 1981
38. Robert J. Dole (Republican, Kansas) 1981 - 1985
39. Mario Cuomo (Democratic, New York) 1985 - 1993
40. Albert Gore (Democratic, Tennessee) 1993 - 1997
41. Richard G. Lugar (Republican, Indiana) 1997 - 2005
42. Mitt Romney (Republican, Massachusetts) 2005 - 2009
43. John Kerry (Democratic, Massachusetts) 2009 - 2017
44. Scott Walker (Republican, Wisconsin) 2017 - incumbent

[1] Assassinated
[2] As President Pro Tempore of the Senate, assumed the presidency upon the double assassination of President Lincoln and Vice President Johnson
[3] Died in office of natural causes

[Unconditional Surrender Truman]

Third Time's the Fall

He was said to be invincible, the fortune-crowned president from Massachusetts, who had saved the world from nuclear war, survived an assassin's bullet in Dallas, and wrested victory from the jaws of defeat in 1964 when all but the light-hearted dreamers prophesied his defeat at the hands of Nelson Rockefeller. Yet when news of his frequent extra-marital affairs rose to public attention in the spring of 1966, at the very moment when the war in Vietnam took a turn for the worse, John Fitzgerald Kennedy became a political third rail. Resisting calls to remove the president from office, Congressional Democrats instead turned to Lyndon Baines Johnson to save the party from ignominy. One-time vice president under Kennedy, Johnson had simmered under Kennedy's neglect and in chose in '64 to forgo a second term as second fiddle to Kennedy's Mozart and returned to Congress, where he began quietly pushing legislation that would render the president a ceremonial head-of-state and establish the Speaker of the House as a de facto prime minister, with the term of the lower house extended to four years. The so-called Johnson Amendment was adopted in 1966 and enacted the following year, inaugurating (in all but name) and American parliamentary democracy.

PRESIDENTS of the UNITED STATES
35. John Fitzgerald Kennedy (Democratic, Massachusetts) 1961 - 1969
36. George Romney (Republican, Michigan) 1969 - 1977
37. Richard Schweiker (Republican, Pennsylvania) 1977 - 1981 ^
38. Birch Evan Bayh, Jr. (Democratic, Indiana) 1981 - 1989
39. Walter Cronkite (Independent, New York) 1989 - 1993
40. Eleanor Rosalynn Carter (Democratic, Georgia) 1993 - 2001
41. William Franklin Graham, Jr. (Independent, North Carolina) 2001 - 2005
42. Hillary Dianne Rodham (Democratic, Illinois) 2005 - 2013
43. Michael Bloomberg (Independent, New York) 2013 - incumbent

SPEAKERS of the HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
45. John W. McCormack (Democratic, Massachusetts) 1962 - 1967 ˚
46. Lyndon B. Johnson (Democratic, Texas) 1967 - 1973 †
47. Carl B. Albert (Democratic, Oklahoma) 1973 - 1977 ^
48. Gerald R. Ford (Republican, Michigan) 1977 - 1981
49. Thomas P. O'Neill (Democratic, Massachusetts) 1981 - 1991 †
50. Patricia Schroeder (Democratic, Colorado) 1991 - 1997 ^
51. Robert S. Walker (Republican, Pennsylvania) 1997 - 2005
52. John R. Kasich (Republican, Ohio) 2005 - 2009 ^
53. Nancy Pelosi (Democratic, California) 2009 - 2013 ^
54. Paul D. Ryan (Republican, Wisconsin) 2013 - incumbent

˚ Resigned
† Died in office of natural causes
^ Lost reelection