I think it might be Tammy Baldwin, but that's just me.
That said, I feel like for the positions you've mentioned, we will first have to see a "straight" woman break through. So Speaker of the House is my best guess for where would have the best chance of it happening, since Nancy Pelosi has broken through. I could also see a VP candidate. I'm not sure when, though, as that depends on a lot.
Well that's basically what is going to happen first, I think. Either way, it'll be a contest between Polis (assuming he wins) and Baldwin as to who becomes most nationally prominent first.