Canada under a US style presidential system (1867-present)

[Hatman 🍁]

And so, all the VP candidates were from Quebec

List of Quebec Governors:
Pierre-Joseph-Olivier-Chauveau, C (1867-1875)
Charles-Eugene Boucher de Boucherville, C (1875-1879)
Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau, C (1879-1887)
Honore Mercier, L (1887-1894)
Felix-Gabriel Marchand, L (1894-1895)
Edmund James Flynn, C (1895-1899)
Simon-Napoleon Parent, L (1899-1907)
Lomer Gouin, L (1907-1923)
Louis-Alexandre Taschereau, L (1923-1935)
Adélard Godbout, L (1935-1947)
Maurice Duplessis, UN (1947-1959)
Paul Sauvé, UN (1959, interim)
Jean Lesage, L (1959-

[Hatman 🍁]

List of Ontario Governors:

John Sandfield Macdonald, Cons (1867-1871)
Archibald McKellar, L (1871-1875)
Oliver Mowat, L (1875-1899)
George William Ross, L (1899-1907)
James Whitney, Cons (1907-1914)
William Howard Hearst, Cons (1914-1923)
Howard Ferguson, C (1923-1931)
Mitchell Hepburn, L (1931-1943)
Ted Jolliffe, Comm'th (1943-1951)
Leslie Frost, C (1951-

[Hatman 🍁]

1963



Diefenbaker lost badly in Quebec, which he alienated, and he lost a lot of support in urban areas, which hurt him in Ontario. Losing both provinces makes it impossible to win the election, and even though "Dief the Chief" won the popular vote by a razor thin margin, Pearson was elected President of Canada.

The House vote was different however, as the Tories held power there

Conservatives: 116
Liberals: 100
Social Credit: 30
Democrats: 19

Meanwhile, the Conservatives had a narrow lead in the Senate
Senate
Conservatives: 39
Liberals: 36
Social Credit: 12
UN: 10
Democrats: 5

[Hatman 🍁]

Upon his election, President Pearson worked with Congress to pass some legislation. The Tory controlled congress proved to be quite moderate, and allowed for reform to pass. Once the doctor's strike ended in Saskatchewan, medicare became popular, and was backed by Congress. As was old age security reforms and Canada student loans were also passed.

The main theme of the 1965 midterms became the great flag debate. While the Tories could cooperate on social reforms, there was no way they would support changing Canada's flag from the red ensign to a totally new design. Pearson and the Liberals supported a new flag, but the Tories wanted to keep the old one. It was a bitter fight. President Pearson was booed by a gathering of veterans at a campaign speech. However, many Canadians did want a new flag, and the Liberals gained seats and control of the house.

1965 midterms

House
Liberals: 129
Conservatives: 95
Social Credit: 24
Democrats: 17

Senate
The Senate races didn't see much change to its composition. The Tories lost a net of just one seat.

Conservatives: 38
Liberals: 36 
Social Credit: 12
UN: 11
Democrats: 5

The Conservatives were the only party against having a new flag, and in 1966 Canada got a new flag:


 

[Hatman 🍁]

Yuck! That flag is hideous.

Ha, it was Pearson's flag of choice. I figured in this scenario, it would have been chosen.

[Hatman 🍁]

1967 Conservative Primaries

The '67 primaries involved a plethora of candidates...



Governor Robert Stanfield of Nova Scotia



Governor Dufferin "Duff" Roblin of Manitoba



Congressman Davie Fulton of British Columbia, running again



Senator George Hees of Ontario


Former President John Diefenbaker of Saskatchewan

Senator Malcolm Wallace McCutcheon of Ontario


Congressman Alvin Hamilton of Saskatchewan


Senator Donald Fleming of Ontario


Senator Michael Starr of Ontario

Car rental agency owner John MacLean of Ontario

Freelance writer Mary Walker-Sawka - the first woman to run for President of Canada

[Hatman 🍁]

List of Saskatchewan Governors:
Thomas Walter Scott, L (1905-1917)
William Melville Martin, L (1917-1925)
Charles Avery Dunning, L (1925-1929)
James Thomas Milton Anderson, Cons (1929-1933)
James Garfield Gardiner, L (1933-1935)
William John Patterson, L (1935-1941)
Tommy Douglas, Comm'th (1941-1963)
Woodrow Stanley Lloyd, D (1963-1965)
Ross Thatcher, L (1965-

[Hatman 🍁]

List of Manitoba Governors:
Alfred Boyd, NP (1870-1871)
Marc-Amable Girard, NP (1871-1874)
Robert Atkinson Davis, NP (1874-1878)
John Norquay, NP (1878-1889)
David Howard Harrison, NP (1889-1890)
Thomas Greenway, L (1890-1902)
Rodmond Roblin, Cons (1902-1915)
Hugh Armstrong, Cons (1915-1918)
Tobias Norris, L (1918-1926)
John Bracken, P (1926-1942)
Seymour Farmer, Comm'th (1942-1948)
Douglas Lloyd Campbell, L (1948-1956)
Dufferin Roblin, C (1956-

[Hatman 🍁]

The Democratic Party had two candidates running for president. Governor Douglas was looking to run again, and he was competing against Congressman David Lewis of Ontario.



Meanwhile, the SoCreds could no longer work with each other, and the Quebec branch, led by Caouette walked out of the party and decided not to run for the Presidency, and instead concentrate on the House elections in Quebec. The now western based party acclaimed Thompson as their presidential candidate once again. He chose Alberta governor Ernest Manning as his VP candidate.

[Hatman 🍁]

The first primaries to be held were in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.

The amount of delegates are equivalent to the amount of EVs each province has. Each house district elects one delegate and the remainder would be to the candidate to win the province.

None of the candidates campaigned in either of the provinces, noting that Stanfield would win the both easily as a favourite son.

Nova Scotia
Stanfield - 89%
Diefenbaker - 2%
Roblin - 1%
Others - 8%

New Brunswick
Stanfield - 73%
Roblin - 17%
Diefenbaker - 3%
Others - 7%

Stanfield - 42 delegates
All others - 0 delegates


Meanwhile for the Democrats, Douglas would win both provinces - but Lewis picked up one delegate.

Douglas - 41
Lewis - 1

[Hatman 🍁]

Manitoba's primary was a week later, and Governor Roblin was the favourite son there. Diefenabker did some some campaigning in rural Manitoba, and was able to secure one delegate.

Roblin 82%
Diefenbaker 7%
Hees 3%
Hamilton 3%
Others 5%

Meanwhile, Douglas won 18 delegates to 2 for Lewis.

British Columbia was a week later...

Senator Fulton had the obvious edge in the province, and despite getting a lower % of the vote than either Roblin or Stanfield did in their home provinces, he won all 28 delegates.

Fulton 74%
Roblin 7%
Diefenbaker 7%
Hees 5%
Hamilton 3%
Others 4%

Meanwhile for the Dem's Douglas won 27 delegates in BC to just one for Lewis.

And one week later was the small Prince Edward Island primary.

Stanfield 83%
Roblin 4%
Diefenbaker 2%
Hees 2%
Others 9%

Stanfield won all eight delegates.

After these 5 primaries, MacLean and Walker-Sawka dropped out of the race, having failed to win very many votes at all.

Douglas won all eight delegates in the PEI primary.

Totals after 5 primaries:

Stanfield: 50
Fulton: 28
Roblin: 19
Diefenbaker: 1

Douglas: 94
Lewis: 4

[Hatman 🍁]

The next week was the territorial primaries followed by the Prairie (AB & SK) primaries. Alberta would be the first real battle ground in the Conservative race, as no one was sure who would win.

For the record, both territories delegates went for Diefenbaker and Douglas respectively.

Saskatchewan:
Diefenbaker: 62% (18 delegates)
Hamilton: 21% (4 delegates)
Roblin: 13% (1 delegate)
Others: 4%

Douglas wins all 23 delegates

Alberta:
Fulton: 30% (14 delegates)
Diefenbaker: 28% (7 delegates)
Roblin: 17% (1 delegate)
Stanfield: 9%
Hees: 6%
Hamilton: 5% (1 delegate)
McCutcheon: 2%
Fleming: 1%
Starr: 1%

After doing more poorly in Saskatchewan than had hoped, Hamilton drops out and endorses Diefenbaker.

Douglas wins 22 of 23 delegates.

One week later is the Newfoundland primary, which Stanfield wins easily

Stanfield: 75% (13 delegates)
Hees: 12%
Roblin: 4%
Fulton: 4%
Diefenbaker: 2%
McCutcheon: 1%
Fleming: 1%
Starr <1%

Douglas wins all 13 delegates for the Democrats

Delegate totals so far:

Stanfield: 63
Fulton: 42
Diefenbaker: 28
Roblin: 21
Hamilton: 4 (dropped out)

Douglas: 148
Lewis: 5

Next week is super Monday! (Ontario and Quebec, where most of the delegates are)

Lewis is polling well in Ontario and Quebec, but he will have to exceed expectations to be able to knock of Douglas. Meanwhile, the Ontario candidates are hoping for their breakthrough in Ontario, but Ontarians can't make up their mind on who to back...

[Hatman 🍁]

Super Monday! The final primaries in Quebec and Ontario.

Let's start with Quebec...

Diefenbaker lost pretty much all his support in Quebec since his defeat in '63.  Governor Roblin had been working hard at courting the Francophone vote, and promised Tories that if elected, he would bring Quebec back into play for them. Fulton did well as well, because he could speak French. Stanfield was popular with the English business class in Montreal, which secured him a handful of delegates.

Roblin: 34% (52 delegates)
Stanfield: 33% (19 delegates)
Fulton: 23% (28 delegates)
Hees: 5%
Others: 5%

Meanwhile, in the Democratic Primaries, Lewis wins 93 delegates to Douglas' 6.

And now for Ontario...

Hees - 28% 49 delegates
McCutcheon - 21% 23 delegates
Fleming - 20% 21 delegates
Diefenbaker - 11% 8 delegates
Roblin - 7% 5 delegates 
Stanfield - 6% 3 delegates
Starr - 5% 0 delegates
Fulton - 3% - 0 delegates

That makes the totals
Stanfield: 85
Roblin: 78
Fulton: 70
Hees: 49
Diefenbaker: 36
McCutcheon: 23
Fleming: 21
Hamilton: 4 (dropped out)

A very close race, which will ultimately go to the convention...

Meanwhile for the Dems, Lewis performed better then expected winning 79 delegates to Douglas' 30. That made the grand total of Douglas 184 and Lewis 177.  At the convention, Douglas picked Lewis to be his VP candidate.

[Hatman 🍁]

1967 Conservative Party Convention!

It was anybody's guess who would win, and become the Presidential nominee for the Conservatives. Just prior to the convention, Wallace McCutcheon dropped out and endorsed Stanfield. Stanfield certainly had the momentum now, going in.

After President Diefenbaker gave an impassioned speech, the first round of balloting began...

Stanfield: 95
Roblin: 91
Fulton: 70
Hees: 49
Diefenbaker: 40
Fleming: 21

McCutcheon's endorsement was worthless, as slightly more than half of his delegates went to Roblin. After the first round, Fleming, Diefenbaker and Hees all dropped out. Hees and Fleming endorsed Stanfield while Diefenbaker endorsed Roblin.

Stanfield: 151
Roblin: 151
Fulton: 70

Round 2 had the candidates tied... Fulton endorsed Stanfield, and most of his delegates listened- barely

Stanfield: 189
Roblin: 184

Due to the closeness of the race, Stanfield quickly named Roblin as his VP nominee. And so we are set for the 1967 Presidential election

[Hatman 🍁]

I should note that 1967 is Canada's centennial, and 1967 is the year of Expo '67 in Montreal. The 1967 was a great year for the country. Nationalism was at an all time peak, thanks to the centennial and its new flag. However it would be described as Canada's "last good year", as the foundations of separatism in Quebec were beginning to unfold. When French President Charles de Gaulle visited Expo 67, he told a large crowd "Vive le Quebec libre", to much applause.

Anyways, the 1967 election!



Stanfield was able to win the Maritimes, Alberta and Saskatchewan, but that was it. It was a good year for Canada, and they weren't turning their backs to President Pearson.

[Hatman 🍁]

House results

Liberals: 142
Conservatives: 85
Democrats: 22
Ralliement créditiste: 11 (Quebec splinter group of Social Credit) 
Social Credit: 2

Senate standings

Liberals: 31
Conservatives: 26
Social Credit: 12
UN: 11
Democrats: 4

[Hatman 🍁]

In his previous term of office, President Pearson eliminated racial qualifications for immigration in Canada, merged the Canadian Armed forces and started a presidential commission on bilingualism and biculturalism. In his second term, he started the presidential commission on the status of women.  Pearson appointed a young Senator Pierre Trudeau to be Attorney General of Canada, and with him came some reforms on social liberalism. One of them was the legalization of homosexuality. This became a huge debate in Canada. It had the support of most Liberals and the Democrats (many Dems insisted it was an illness that should be treated, not condemned). For it to pass the Senate however, it needed the support of some Conservatives, as the UN and Social Credit was steadfast against it. While most Tories opposed, many Red Tory Senators in Ontario supported it, and it narrowly was approved, and Pearson signed the bill into law in 1968. The bill also legalized contraception, abortion and lotteries, put restrictions on gun ownership, authorized the breathalyser test, and relaxed divorce laws. Trudeau famously said "there's no place for the state in the bedrooms of the nation"

[Hatman 🍁]

1969 House Results

Liberals: 155
Conservatives: 72
Democrats: 22
Ralliement créditiste: 14

The Liberals rode the wave of optimism and embraced the changes in social liberalism in the country.

However, that would all come to a crash in 1970...

Throughout the 1960s, the separatist movement was brewing in Quebec. The terrorist organization, "Front de libération du Québec" had been detonating bombs in English neighbourhoods in Montreal as well as a plethora of other kinds of domestic terrorism.

On October 5, 1970 members of the FLQ kidnap British Trade Commissioner James Cross.  Five days later, they kidnap provincial treasurer Pierre Laporte. Within days, an emergency cabinet meeting is held, and Pearson declares the evocation of the War Measures Act, suspending habeas corpus. The next day Laporte is murdered, and the FLQ threatens to murder Cross as well if their demands aren't met. The evocation of the war measures act is criticized by many in the Democratic Party, as well as by the new separatist Parti Quebecois which had elected members to the Provincial Assembly of Quebec for the first time in 1969. Arrests are made in November, and finally in December Cross is found and after a series of negotiations, his captors are sent to communist Cuba. More arrests are made later in the month.

Support for the War Measures Act was overwhelming across Canada, and even in Quebec. However, the tides of separatism in Quebec would not be quashed. What was a struggle involving violence would become a political struggle...

[Hatman 🍁]

In 1971, Pearson announced that he would not be running for re-election, and so all the major parties would be having primaries.

We'll start with the Liberal candidates for President


Vice President Jean Lesage of Quebec


Attorney General Pierre Trudeau of Quebec


Senator Paul Hellyer of Ontario


Senator Paul Martin, again (of Ontario)


Senator John Turner of Ontario


Senator John James Greene of Ontario


Senator Allan McEachen of Nova Scotia


Quebec Secretary of Health Eric Kierans

And Mayor Harold Lloyd Henderson was back (mayor of Portage La Prairie, Manitoba)

[Hatman 🍁]

Conservative candidates for the 1971 election



Governor Duff Roblin of Manitoba



Governor John Robarts of Ontario



Quebec Auditor General Claude Wagner (former Liberal)



Congressman Jack Horner of Alberta



Congressman Heward Grafftey of Quebec



Senator George Hees of Ontario

[Hatman 🍁]

And the candidates for the Democrats, which are now a more organized party, ensuring more candidates for President.



Congressman David Lewis of Ontario


Economist James Laxer of Ontario



Professor John Paul Harney of Ontario


Congressman Ed Broadbent of Ontario


Congressman Frank Howard of British Columbia

[Hatman 🍁]

Social Credit would finally re-unite by 1971, but was heavily influenced by its Quebec wing.

For candidates ran,

Congressman Réal Caouette of Quebec
Businessman Phil Cossette of Quebec
Surgeon Phil McGillivray of Ontario
Journalist Fernand Bouret of Quebec

[Hatman 🍁]

As usual, the first primaries are in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.

Out of all the parties, only one candidate is from Atlantic Canada, and that's Allan MacEachen from Nova Scotia.  The Liberals mostly campaign in New Brunswick and leave Nova Scotia for the other parties to campaign in.


Let's start with Nova Scotia...

Liberals

MacEachen - 88% (21 delegates)
Trudeau - 3%
Lesage - 3%
Others - 6%

Conservatives

With Governor Stanfield not running, much support was for his running mate, Duff Roblin

Roblin - 55% (20 delegates)
Wagner 19% (1 delegate)
Robarts 15%
Hees 5%
Horner 4%
Grafftey 2%

Democrats
It should be noted that the Democrats were very divided in 1971, as a splinter group known as the "Waffle" was created. The Waffle endorsed Democratic Socialism, and wanted the Democrats to move to the left. They endorsed Mr. Laxer. Laxer found some support in Cape Breton, securing 2 delegates.

Lewis 49% (18 delegates)
Laxer 23% (2 delegates)
Harney 16% (1 delegate)
Broadbent 9%
Howard 3%

The Socreds didn't have the membership in Atlantic Canada to warrant a primary. The local parties in both provinces endorsed Caouette.

[Hatman 🍁]

New Brunswick


Liberals:
MacEachen 53% (17 delegates)
Lesage: 13% (2 delegates)
Trudeau: 12% (1 delegate)
Hellyer: 8%
Martin: 7%
Turner: 3%
Others: 4%

Conservatives:
Roblin: 34% (16 delegates)
Wagner: 32% (4 delegates)
Robarts: 26%
Hees: 3%
Grafftey 3%
Horner: 3%

(Grafftey drops out, and endorses Roblin)
 
Democrats:
Lewis: 35% (16 delegates)
Harney: 33% (4 delegates)
Laxer: 22%
Broadbent: 6%
Howard: 4%

[Hatman 🍁]

Next up is Manitoba (19 delegates)

Liberals
Hellyer 43% (14 delegates)
Lesage: 22% (2 delegates)
Trudeau: 21% (2 delegates)
Henderson: 10% (1 delegate)
Martin: 1%
Turner: 1%
Greene: 1%
MacEachen: 1%
Kierans: <0%

Totals so far
MacEachen: 38
Hellyer: 14
Lesage: 4
Trudeau: 3
Henderson (dropped out): 1 

Kierans drops out, as does Henderson

Conservatives

Roblin: 82% (19 delegates)
Robarts: 11%
Wagner: 4%
Horner: 2%
Hees: 1%

Totals
Roblin: 55
Wagner: 5

Democrats
Lewis 49% (14 delegates)
Laxer: 23% (3 delegates)
Harney: 18% (2 delegates)
Howard: 7%
Broadbent: 3%

Totals:
Lewis: 48
Harney: 6
Laxer: 5