Find a Remedy!

[Huey Long is a Republican]

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[Huey Long is a Republican]

“Don’t Find Fault, Find a Remedy!” - Henry Ford

The History the United States is a most interesting one where the nation chose a tyrant, but not in a time of crisis, war, or disaster, but in a time of peace, change, and prosperity. The country had gone through a great many wars before, with the most devastating one being the American Civil War of 1861-1865 where around 620,000 people died on both sides combined. They had also gone through a time of great crisis and disaster as well, but their democracy remained. Many ask how come they, the American People, would elect a man hellbent on ending the Democracy they held dear. Some discuss the ideas of political persuasion, others the idea of obvious voter fraud, and some even argue that it was the American Electoral System that gave the man the victory. However, there is quite a strong reasoning for all of it and it all comes back to one faithful day in August of 1923.

To the Year 1923, the last year before all hell broke loose.

On August 2nd, 29th President of the United States, Elected in 1920 and Inaugurated in 1921, Warren Gamaliel Harding of Ohio had felt what was a stroke and almost immediately went to bed to sleep it off, despite being on a western speaking tour in San Francisco. It would take 3 days but he would eventually make a full recovery from the ‘stroke’ (It was, in actuality, a minor heart attack) and would continue on his tour. However, the man didn’t have his heart in the job and neither did his Vice President, John Calvin Coolidge Jr. of Massachusetts. The policies of the Harding Administration was staunch isolationism, disarmament, cutting taxes, the embracing of new technologies, the government protection of Businesses, pro-civil rights, anti-immigration, and the pardoning of the political prisoners of his predecessor, President Woodrow Wilson of New Jersey.

He had made mistakes that cost him the public support already, with the handling of the 1922 Great Railroad Strike, where over 400,000 workers demanded better wages and safer work conditions, as well as his veto of the Bonus Bill in the same year, which was a bill that would pay the bonuses of the veterans of the First World War. However, nothing shook away the support of the Harding Administration and the President then the infamous Teapot Dome Scandal.

Some background is needed for the full context. President Harding had a habit of appointing his friends and acquaintances to federal positions. Some served competently and did everything to the best of their ability, such as Harding’s personal physician Charles E. Sawyer. Others proved much worse, such as Comptroller of the Currency Daniel R. Crissinger or his old friend, Director of the Mint Frank Scobey, Those associates most notorious with the scandal became a part of what was called ‘the Ohio gang’ in reference to Harding’s home state. However, none was as great nor as stunning as the Teapot Dome Scandal.

In the early days of the 20th century, the U.S. Navy converted on mass from coal to Oil,. In order to ensure the Navy would always have just enough fuel available, several oil-producing were designated as controlled by the Navy by President William Howard Taft (27th President of the United States 1909-1913; Chief Justice of the Supreme Court 1921-1930; 42nd United States Secretary of War 1904-1908). In 1921, President Harding issued an executive order, a directive issued by the President of the United States that manages operations of the federal government and has the force of law, that transferred control of the Teapot Dome Oil Field in Natrona County, Wyoming, home to Casper, Wyoming, and the Elk Hills Buena Vistas Oil Fields in Kern County, California, home to Bakersfield, California, from the United States Navy Department to the United States Department of the Interior, though this wasn’t implemented until 1922 when Secretary of the Interior Albert Bacon Fall of New Mexico (Interior Secretary from March 5th, 1921-March 4th, 1923) successfully persuaded United States Navy Secretary Edwin C. Denby of Michigan (United States Navy Secretary March 6th, 1921-March 10th, 1924) to transfer control.

Later in 1922, Secretary Fall leased the oil production rights at Teapot Dome to Oil Tycoon Harry Ford Sinclair of Mammoth Oil, a subsidiary of Sinclair Oil Corporation. He also leaked the Elk Hills reserve to oil tycoon Edward Laurence Doheny of Pan American Petroleum and Transport Company, both of the leases having been issued without competitive bidding. This manner of leasing was indeed legal under the Mineral Leasing Act of 1920, which a law that authorized and governed leasing of public lands for developing deposits of coal, petroleum, natural gas, and other hydrocarbons, in addition to phosphates, sodium, sulfur, and potassium in the United States, this law having replaced the long outdated General Mining Act of 1872. The lease terms were very favorable to the oil companies, which secretly made the Interior Secretary quite the rich man indeed. He had received a no-interest loan of around $100,000 (Around $1.4 million today) in November of 1921. He had also received other gifts from Doheny and Sinclair totalling around $400,000 (about $5.67 Million today). This money and not the leases, in fact, was the illegal part of the situation and while Fall attempted to keep his actions secret, his sudden improvement became immediately noticeable and he fell under much suspicion for various crimes.

With the background now covered, the details of the investigation of the scandal can now be properly explained, the story of which is interesting of how it began. In April of 1922, a Wyoming oil operator wrote to his Senator, John B. Kendrick (Senator of Wyoming 1917-1933), angered that Sinclair had been given a contract to the lands in a secret deal. Kendrick did not respond, but two days later on April 15, he introduced a resolution calling for an investigation of the deal. Wisconsin Republican Senator Robert La Follette, a staunch progressive, led an investigation by the Senate Committee on Public Lands. At first, La Follette believed Secretary Fall was innocent. However, his suspicions were aroused after his own office in the Senate Office Building was ransacked, causing Secretary Fall to fall under scrutiny. Democrat Thomas J. Walsh of Montana, the most junior member of the minority party, led a lengthy inquiry. For two years, Walsh pushed forward while Fall stepped backward, covering his tracks as he went. No evidence of wrongdoing was initially uncovered, as the leases were legal enough, but records kept disappearing mysteriously. Fall had made the leases appear legitimate, but his acceptance of the money was his undoing. By 1924, the remaining unanswered question was how Fall had become so rich so quickly and easily.

Money from the bribes had gone to Fall's cattle ranch and investments in his business. Finally, as the investigation was winding down with Fall apparently innocent, Walsh uncovered a piece of evidence Fall had failed to cover up: Doheny's $100,000 loan to Fall. This discovery broke open the scandal. Civil and criminal suits related to the scandal continued throughout the 1920s. In 1927, the Supreme Court ruled that the oil leases had been corruptly obtained. The Court invalidated the Elk Hills lease in February 1927, and the Teapot Dome lease in October. Both reserves were returned to the Navy. In 1929, Fall was found guilty of accepting bribes from Doheny. Conversely, in 1930, Doheny was acquitted of paying bribes to Fall. Further, Doheny's corporation foreclosed on Fall's home in Tularosa Basin, New Mexico, because of "unpaid loans" that turned out to be that same $100,000 bribe. Sinclair served six months in jail on a charge of jury tampering. Although Fall was to blame for this scandal, Harding's reputation was sullied because of his involvement with the wrong people. Evidence proving Fall's guilt only arose in 1923 during Harding’s recovery.

Oil businessman Edward L. Doheny (at table, second from right) testifying before the Senate committee investigating the Teapot Dome oil leases, 1924

Another thing that shattered the public support for President Harding was his many extramarital affairs. Harding had an extramarital affair with Carrie Fulton Phillips of Marion, which lasted about fifteen years before ending in 1920. Letters from Harding to Phillips were discovered by Harding biographer Francis Russell in the possession of Marion attorney Donald Williamson while Russell was researching his book in 1963. Before that, the affair was not generally known. Williamson donated the letters to the Ohio Historical Society. Some there wanted the letters destroyed to preserve what remained of Harding's reputation. A lawsuit ensued, with Harding's heirs claiming copyright over the letters. The case was ultimately settled in 1971, with the letters donated to the Library of Congress. They were sealed until 2014, but before their opening, historians used copies at Case Western Reserve University and in Russell's papers at the University of Wyoming. Russell concluded from the letters that Phillips was the love of Harding's life—"the enticements of his mind and body combined in one person", but historian Justin P. Coffey in his 2014 review of Harding biographies criticizes him for "obsess[ing] over Harding's sex life".

The allegations of Harding's other known mistress, Nan Britton, long remained uncertain. In 1927, Britton, also a Marionite, published The President's Daughter, alleging that her child Elizabeth Ann Blaesing had been fathered by Harding. The book, which was dedicated to "all unwedded mothers" and "their innocent children whose fathers are usually not known to the world", was sold, like pornography, door-to-door wrapped in brown paper. The late president's reputation had deteriorated since his death in 1923, and many believed Britton. The public was tantalized by salacious details such as Britton's claim that the two had sex in a White House closet, with Secret Service agents posted to ward off intruders. Although part of the public believed her, a jury found against her when she alleged she was libeled by a refutation of her book. According to Harding family lore, the late president was infertile and could not have fathered a child, having suffered from mumps in childhood; Britton maintained that Harding had provided child support of $500 per month for the daughter he never met, but she had destroyed romantic correspondence from him at his request.

Harding's biographers, writing while Britton's allegations remained uncertain, differed on their truth; Russell believed them unquestioningly while Dean, having reviewed Britton's papers at UCLA, regarded them as unproven. In 2015, DNA comparisons between members of the Harding and Blaesing families conducted by ancestry.com indicated that Harding was Elizabeth's father. Sinclair wondered why Harding's infidelity was held so much against him, given that Grover Cleveland was elected president in 1884 although it was known he had a mistress and may have fathered a son out of wedlock.

Carrie Fulton Phillips, Harding’s mistress of 15 years

All of these things combined made Harding assuredly a lame duck President and upon these many revelations, Harding announced the firing of the individuals responsible for the Teapot Dome Scandal and more and he had even considered resigning from the office, as he did not enjoy the job, as mentioned above. However, the last minute intervention of his wife, who was the dominant one in the relationship, and his Vice President telling him to his face that he too had no interest in the position of President convinced him to not resign and thus, he announced that neither he nor Coolidge would seek the Republican Nomination and wouldn’t run for a term in Early 1924. This announcement sent shockwaves throughout both parties as they scrambled to find a Candidate of their own. In the Republican field were War Hero Leonard Wood of New Hampshire, Senator Hiram Johnson of California, and former Pennsylvania Governor William Cameron Sproul, all familiar faces from the 1920 Republican Convention. Then there was Senate Majority Whip Charles Curtis of Kansas, Commerce Secretary Herbert Hoover of Ohio, Governor Joseph M. Dixon of Montana, George P. McLean of Connecticut, and Representative Carl Edgar Mapes of Michigan made their own appearances for the Republican Nomination, hoping to get the Nomination themselves.

The Democrats had their own field as well. Returning Candidates were Former Treasury Secretary William Gibbs McAdoo of California, Governor Al Smith of New York, Former Ambassador John W. Davis of West Virginia, and Senator Carter Glass of Virginia. At the 1924 Democratic Convention, however, there were new faces coming out of the woodwork. Senator Thomas J. Walsh of Montana, famous for his hearings on the Teapot Dome Scandal, had thrown his hat into the ring along with Senators James Alexander Reed and Clarence Cleveland Dill of Missouri and Washington respectfully, Representatives Samuel T. Rayburn, John J. Casey, and Charles L. Richards of Texas, Pennsylvania, and Nevada respectfully, and Governors Austin Peay, George Sebastian Silzer, and George W.P. Hunt of Tennessee, New Jersey, and Arizona respectfully. Another Major Candidate was Major General Henry Tureman Allen of Kentucky, who retired in 1923.

WIth both fields now packed, the battle of the 1924 Election began for both major parties but they had yet to know the chaos of the general for who would enter them after their own conventions.

The Republican Field (Left) and the Democratic Field (Right) for their conventions. 8 Republicans and 14 Democrats

Much of the Information regarding the scandals are taken from the Wikipedia page on Harding (word for word on the extramarital affairs) and the TPD Scandal. Since those sources are referenced, I recommend you use them for checking any fallacies.

[Huey Long is a Republican]

“This Convention will tear us apart!” - New York Democratic Gubernatorial Nominee Franklin Delano Roosevelt upon the 56th Ballot at the 1924 Democratic National Convention

The 1924 Democratic Primaries and Convention were what really showed how chaotic the 1924 general election would be. Following sizeable gains in the 1922 midterm elections (6 Seats in the Senate, 76 Seats in the House, and 4 Governor Seats), the Democratic party believed that they nadir they faced in the aftermath of the 1920 Election was over and that any candidate could be able to beat the Republican Candidate by tying them to the administration of Harding and its many scandals. The immediate frontrunner for the party was former Treasury Secretary William Gibbs McAdoo of California, now sixty years in age. McAdoo, thanks to his wartime record as Director General of the railroads, was popular with labor and, thanks to being Wilson's son-in-law, was the favorite amongst the Wilsonians of the party. But, in January 1924, evidence was unearthed revealing McAdoo’s relationship with Doheny, which, in turn, led to a fall of support for him. It was revealed that in 1919, McAdoo took Doheny as a client for an unusually large initial fee of $100,000, in addition to an annual retainer. Not the least perplexing part of the deal involved a million dollar bonus for McAdoo if the Mexican government reach a satisfactory agreement with Washington on oil lands Doheny held south of the Texas border. The bonus was never paid and McAdoo insisted later that it was a casual figure of speech mentioned in jest. At the time, however, he had telegraphed the New York World that he would have received "an additional fee of $900,000 if my firm had succeeded in getting a satisfactory settlement," since the Doheny companies had "several hundred million dollars of property at stake, our services, had they been effective, would have been rightly compensated by the additional fee." In fact, the lawyer received only $50,000 more from Doheny. It was also charged that on matters of interest to his client, Republic Iron and Steel, from whom he received $150,000, McAdoo neglected the regular channels dictated by propriety and consulted directly with his own appointees in the capital to obtain a fat refund.

McAdoo's connection to Doheny appeared to seriously lessen his desirability as a presidential candidate. In February Colonel House urged him to withdraw from the race, as did Josephus Daniels, Thomas Bell Love, and two important contributors to the Democratic party, Bernard Baruch and Thomas Chadbourne. Some advisers hoped that McAdoo's chances would improve after a formal withdrawal. William Jennings Bryan, who never doubted McAdoo's honesty, thought that the Doheny affair had damaged the lawyer's chances "seriously, if not fatally." Senator Thomas Walsh, who earlier had called McAdoo the greatest Secretary of the Treasury since Alexander Hamilton, informed him with customary curtness: "You are no longer available as a candidate." Breckinridge Long, who would be McAdoo's floor manager at the June convention, wrote in his diary on February 13: "As it stands today we are beat." The New York Times, itself convinced that McAdoo had acted in bad taste and against the spirit of the law, report the widespread opinion that McAdoo had "been eliminated as a formidable contender for Democratic nomination."

McAdoo was unpopular for reasons other than his close association with Doheny. Even in 1918, The Nation was saying that "his election to the White House would be an unqualified misfortune." McAdoo, the liberal journal then believed, had wanted to go to war with Mexico and Germany, and he was held responsible for segregating clerks in the Treasury Department. Walter Lippmann wrote in 1920 that McAdoo "is not fundamentally moved by the simple moralities," and that his "honest" liberalism catered only to popular feeling. Liberal critics, believing him a demagogue, gave as evidence his stand for quick payment of the veterans' bonus.

Much of the dissatisfaction with McAdoo on the part of reformers and urban Democrats sprang from his acceptance of the backing of the Ku Klux Klan. James Cox, the 1920 Democratic nominee, indignantly wrote that "there was not only tacit consent to the Klan's support, but it was apparent that he and his major supporters were conniving with the Klan." Friends insisted that McAdoo's silence on the matter hid a distaste that the political facts of life kept him from expressing, and especially after the Doheny scandal when he desperately needed support. Thomas Bell Love of Texas – though at one time of a contrary opinion – advised McAdoo not to issue even a mild disclaimer of the Klan. To Bernard Baruch and others, McAdoo explained as a disavowal of the Klan his remarks against prejudice at a 1923 college commencement. But McAdoo could not command the support of unsatisfied liberal spokesmen for The Nation and The New Republic, who favored the candidacy of the Republican Senator Robert La Follette. A further blow to McAdoo was the death on February 3, 1924, of Woodrow Wilson, who ironically had outlived his successor in the White House. Father-in-law to the candidate, Wilson might have given McAdoo a welcome endorsement now that the League of Nations had receded as an issue. William Dodd of the University of Chicago wrote to his father that Wilson had been "counting on" his daughter's being in the White House. The New York Times however reported a rumor that Wilson had written to Cox hoping he would again be a candidate in 1924.

Despite his obvious lack of support amongst the party, however, McAdoo trudged on, hoping to win the Nomination at the Convention as did Smith and Davis. In their immediate effects the heated primary contests drew to McAdoo the financial support of the millionaires Thomas Chadbourne and Bernard Baruch (who was indebted to McAdoo for his appointment as head of the War Industries Board); and they strengthened the resolve of Governor Smith, ten years younger than McAdoo, to make a serious try for the nomination, which he had originally sought primarily to block McAdoo on the behalf of the eastern political bosses. The contests also hardened the antagonisms between the candidates, and cut deeper divisions within the electorate. In doing this, they undoubtedly retrieved lost ground for McAdoo and broadened his previously shrinking base of support, drawing to him rural, Klan, and dry elements awakened by the invigorated candidacy of Smith. Senator Kenneth McKellar of Tennessee wrote to his sister Nellie: "I see McAdoo carried Georgia by such an overwhelming majority that it is likely to reinstate him in the running." The Klan seemed to oppose every Democratic candidate except McAdoo. It flatly rejected Smith as a Catholic from "Jew York." The primaries therefore played their part in crystallizing the split within the party that would tear it apart at the forthcoming convention. City immigrants and McAdoo progressives had earlier joined to fight the Mellon tax plans in Congress, since both groups represented people of small means; deeper social animosities dissolved their alliance, and the urban-rural division rapidly supplanted all others. Frank Walsh, a progressive New York lawyer, wrote: "If his [Smith's] religion is a bar, of course it is all right with me to bust up the Democratic party on such an issue."

Thus came the 1924 Democratic National Convention in New York City. A rule was established that there needed to be a 2/3rds majority of the 1090 Delegates available (727 Delegates) to get the Presidential Nomination. All major 14 Democratic Candidates announced their candidacies for the Nomination and thus Balloting officially began on June 30th, the first day of the Convention and, as expected, no candidate reached the 2/3rds majority.
 
1924 Democratic National Convention, 1st Ballot
 
William Gibbs McAdoo : 315
Al Smith : 305
John W. Davis : 154
Carter Glass : 101
Thomas J. Walsh : 67
Henry Tureman Allen : 51
Clarence Cleveland Dill : 34
James Alexander Reed : 15
Samuel T. Rayburn : 13
George W.P. Hunt : 11
Charles L. Richards : 9
George Sebastian Silzer : 8
John J. Casey : 7
Austin Peay: 5
Abstain : 4
 
Following abysmal performances on the first ballot, Richards, Peay, Casey, Silzer, and Hunt withdrew from the ballot, bringing the candidates for the Nomination from 14 to a manageable 9. Many had thought that by the end of the day, McAdoo would win the Nomination, with some shouting “McAdoo, Democracy's Hope” as the balloting took place. The chairman eventually pounded the gavel and the roll call and balloting resumed. Eventually, Smith’s supporters had something of their own to cheer about when Senator Dill announced he was dropping from his name from consideration and endorsed the New York Governor. This started another parade, the New York and New Jersey standards leading those of the other Smith delegations around the hall while the band played "Tramp, Tramp, Tramp, the Boys are Marching".
 
1924 Democratic National Convention, 27th Ballot
 
Al Smith : 391
William Gibbs McAdoo : 351
John W. Davis : 124
Carter Glass : 118
Thomas J. Walsh : 53
Henry Tureman Allen : 26
James Alexander Reed : 14
Samuel T. Rayburn : 8
Abstain : 5
 
Following a disappointment on the 27th Ballot, Rayburn and Reed dropped their names from consideration, with Rayburn endorsing Davis and Reed endorsing McAdoo, leaving only 6 Candidates in the running. With so few left, it was believed that both parties would finally be able to choose and by the 39th ballot, it seemed McAdoo would get the Nomination. However, at the last minute, Carter Glass gave a rousing speech where he famously gave his endorsement to Allen before he announced his name was no longer in the running for the Nomination. This was enough to rally most of Glass’ delegates to Allen and away from McAdoo, keeping the Californian from getting the Nomination. By the 45th ballot, the Smith and McAdoo camps were beginning to become desperate as they realized the Nomination might become more trouble than it was worth. Daniel C. Roper even went to Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who was a delegate of McAdoo, supposedly to offer a combined McAdoo/Smith ticket. For their part, Tamammy Men, a political organization that was effectively the Democratic Political Machine in New York City, tried to prolong the convention until the hotel bills were beyond the means of the delegates who had travelled to the convention. The Smith backers also attempted to stampede the delegates by packing the galleries with noisy rooters. Senator James Phelan of California, among others, complained of "New York rowdyism". But the rudeness of Tammany, and particularly the booing accord to Bryan when he spoke to the convention, only steeled the resolution of the country delegates. McAdoo and Bryan both tried to reassemble the convention in another city, perhaps Washington, D.C. or St. Louis. However, balloting continued, going beyond the forties, fifties, sixties, and seventies.
 
1924 Democratic National Convention, 79th Ballot
 
Al Smith : 423
William Gibbs McAdoo : 365
John W. Davis : 175
Henry Tureman Allen : 85
Thomas J. Walsh : 34
Abstain : 8
 
By the 85th Ballot, The Nomination was stripped of all honor but the five remaining candidates remained in the race, having given up to much to pack up and leave now. By the 92nd Ballot, however, Senator Walsh hopes to break the deadlock by announcing he was no longer have his name be in consideration for the Nomination and was endorsing McAdoo. McAdoo, eager to get the support of Walsh’s Delegates, announced that the Montana Senator would become his running mate if he was Nominated. This strategy, however, didn’t work and the balloting continued. Davis, in order to garner more support for himself, announced that Samuel Rayburn would be his running mate and Allen announced that Glass would be his if they got the Nomination. On the 97th Ballot, Smith announced that his running mate would be Senator Dill if he was Nominated.
 
1924 Democratic National Convention, 98th Ballot
 
Al Smith : 378
William Gibbs McAdoo : 321
John W. Davis : 263
Henry Tureman Allen : 116
Abstain : 12
 
Another 4 ballots passed and no one still got the Nomination and thus, the Democratic establishment began to consider the idea of nominating Davis as a Compromise candidate by bribing several hundred delegates from Smith and McAdoo and several dozen of Allen’s to go to him. However, Allen heard of the news via an operative who found himself in the meeting, he deemed it an outrage and decided to give a speech exposing the Democratic Establishment to the Nation, saying that them trying to rig the Nomination just because it was taking to long was not how Democracy worked and he further stated that if the Democrats nominated Davis due to this, he would walk out of the “corrupt” convention. Thus the 103rd Ballot came and went and Davis wasn’t nominated. However, in a major surprise, Allen had surpassed both McAdoo and Davis, now within reach of overcoming Smith and becoming the Nominee.
 
1924 Democratic National Convention, 103rd Ballot
 
Al Smith : 464
Henry Tureman Allen : 415
William Gibbs McAdoo : 116
John W. Davis : 87
Abstain : 8
 
Following the aftermath, the four remained in the race, hoping that one of them could win the Nomination. However, following the 111th Ballot, there was a realization that the Democrats were doomed to continue this if someone didn’t drop out. Allen, McAdoo, and Smith, all believing in their own chances at the Nomination, refused to do so but davis, realizing his chances were slim to now after 111 tries, announced he was dropping his name from consideration and endorsed McAdoo in the hopes that the Californian would finally get the Nomination.
 
1924 Democratic National Convention, 112th Ballot
 
Al Smith : 395
Henry Tureman Allen : 360
William Gibbs McAdoo : 295
Abstain : 35
 
With the Nomination now effectively considered a sacrificial lamb choice, by the 121st Ballot, Allen considered his options and realized he had no real viable path and, in front of all the Delegates, announced that he and Smith, during the 118th Ballot, had a meeting where they discussed the idea of a Smith/Allen ticket and he was now announcing that he was officially accepting Smith’s offer. Thus it seemed like, with the race between Smith and McAdoo, many believed that one of them would finally get the Nomination. Neither, however, got it on the 122nd Ballot, with there being 553 Delegates for Smith and 530 for McAdoo with 7 abstaining. Finally, on the 123rd, Smith got 753 Delegates to McAdoo’s 316 with 21 abstaining, thus granting the New York Governor the nomination, one that was considered more trouble than it was worth.
 
1924 Democratic National Convention, 122nd Ballot
 
Al Smith : 553
William Gibbs McAdoo : 530
Abstain : 7
 
1924 Democratic National Convention, 123rd Ballot
 
Al Smith : 753
William Gibbs McAdoo : 316
Abstain : 21
 
With the Presidential Nominee decided for the party, balloting for the Vice President began. After 9 ballots, Allen was finally chosen as the Running Mate for Smith and thus, the sacrificial lamb ticket left New York City on July 11th with the hopes to at least limit the loss to a sizable margin.
 

42nd New York Governor Al Smith and Retired Major General Henry T. Allen of Kentucky, the Democratic Ticket for 1924.
Opening is once again, taken from Wikipedia almost word for word but next update, the Republican Primaries and Convention, will be different and will be where the differences are truly spotted. In the meantime, what do all of you think?

[Huey Long is a Republican]

”This election is going to be the worst in the nation’s history. Two sacrificial lab tickets?! Two Conventions that go on for days?! If a Third Party comes with much better energy than us, we’re doomed.” - Governor Gifford Pinchot of Pennsylvania upon the official declaration of the Republican ticket in 1924.
The 1924 Republican Primaries and Convention were what really caused the 1924 election to spiral out of control. Following the announcements that President Harding and Vice President Coolidge wouldn’t run for the Presidency, the 8 Candidates made their announcements with the hope of getting the Nomination at the convention with the Primaries being non-effective. The strongest Candidates were Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood of New Hampshire, Commerce Secretary Herbert Hoover of Ohio, and Charles Curtis of Kansas. Hoover was considered the man who brought about the great prosperity in the Nation, Curtis was believed to be the strongest Senator in the nation from the key plains state of Kansas, and Wood still had popular support due to his effectiveness as a War veteran and as Governor-General of the Philippines, though the case of Ray Conley, a Manila Police Detective who was accused of immorality and Misconduct, hurt his support in that method somewhat. Many expected the Convention would choose between these three and the other 5 Candidates were simple spoilers.
 
The Primaries were brutal with Leonard Wood winning New Hampshire, Vermont, Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Virginia, Indiana, and North Carolina while Hoover won Wisconsin, Illinois, Michigan, Ohio, New Jersey, New York, and Massachusetts and then there was Charles Curtis who won the Dakotas and Nebraska. As for the final three states, many had expected that they would go to Hoover in California and Oregon’s case and Curtis in Montana’s case. However, these three states shocked everyone when Hiram Johnson won them in landslide victories. The primaries complete, 4 of the 8 Candidates now had bragging rights for the Nomination. Once they all arrived at Cleveland, Ohio, they began to work diligently and the first Balloting began on June 10th, with everyone hoping the Convention would go much better than the Democratic one that was still going through its own chaotic balloting. A Candidates would only need to win just 51% of the Delegates needed, meaning 566 of the 1109 Delegates were needed to be officially nominated by the Republicans rather than the frustrating 2/3rds majority for the Democrats.
 

The 1924 Republican Presidential Primaries
 
1924 Republican National Convention, First Ballot
 
Leonard Wood : 375
Herbert Hoover : 352
Charles Curtis : 207
Hiram Johnson : 95
Joseph M. Dixon : 53
George P. McLean : 12
William Cameron Sproul : 9
Carl Edgar Mapes : 5
Abstain : 1
 
With the First showing no Nominee, many realized the race was the game of the 5 Candidates nearest to the Ballot, thus Mapes, Sproul, and McLean dropped their name from the consideration. Mapes endorsed Hoover, Sproul endorsed Wood, and McLean would endorse Johnson. The Convention would go for yet another 10 ballots with just the five Candidates remaining. By the 19th Ballot, Hoover’s men at the Convention attempted to rig the Nomination process by packing the convention with his supporters, though once Wood heard about the plans, he brought it to the immediate attention to President Harding who, having dealt with enough controversy for his Presidency, would tell off Hoover in a conversation. Well the details of said conversation have been lost forever to the history book, one aide described it as “perhaps the angriest he [Harding] had ever been and ever will be. The President was not red and fuming, but more sad and somber. He [Harding] wasn’t a man for yelling and such. Why, the Secretary [Hoover] felt so ashamed of himself that he almost considered dropping his name from the Nomination until the President told him otherwise.” Following that, Hoover ordered his men to not try to pull any stunts at the convention and instead let it go as scheduled until a nominee was found.
 
1924 Republican National Convention, Twenty-First Ballot
 
Leonard Wood : 375
Herbert Hoover : 419
Charles Curtis : 186
Hiram Johnson : 31
Joseph M. Dixon : 9
Abstain : 2
 
Following the Twenty-First Ballot, Dixon, who scored abysmally, dropped his name from the Nomination and endorsed Curtis, rather than Johnson, who his state had voted for. Due to this action, Johnson began to suspect that the Republican Party was actively trying to keep him from getting the Presidential Nomination, but he remained on the Ballot until there was substantial evidence proving him correct. One aide wrote “He [Johnson] believed, in my mind rightly so, that the Republican establishment were stacking the deck against him, bribing and convincing as many Delegates as possible to support one of the big three [Woord, Hoover, and Curtis]. He ordered us to watch every Delegate meeting carefully and tell him of the outcome of each. We did so and he slowly gathered evidence to present his case.” By Ballot 41, There was still no Nominee and Johnson was slowly gathering more and more proof that the Republicans were against him. While Wood himself was a progressive, he wasn’t the kind of progressive Johnson, or his Wisconsin compatriot Robert La Follette, wanted.
 
1924 Republican National Convention, Forty-Second Ballot
 
Leonard Wood : 399
Herbert Hoover : 362
Charles Curtis : 186
Hiram Johnson : 123
Abstain : 9
 
Another thirty Ballots passed and there was still no Solid Candidate with Wood barely holding on to his Delegate lead as Hoover remained just out of reach, with Curtis and Johnson remaining as the laggers in the battle. By the 92nd Ballot, Johnson finally made an impassioned speech before the Convention, stating “This convention of the party of Lincoln is nothing more than a scam for the party to get what they truly want instead of what the Nation wants! For the past few days, reports have come into my office in which the establishment of this convention have been actively attempting to keep me from getting the Nomination, instead throwing their support to one of the Big Three! This idea isn’t what the party was founded upon but it seems the party cares not for the idea anymore. Thus, I now declare the end of my seeking for the Nomination and furthermore, I announce that I will no longer remain in this convention unless convinced otherwise!” While any evidence has been lost in the great Records Fire of 1934, many have assumed that Johnson’s statements were at least somewhat factual. Following the speech, Johnson did indeed leave the Convention, though none of his Delegates followed him, being more loyal to the party than the man. The Party went for another 3 ballots and there was still no Nominee. Thus, as the 97th and 98th Ballots were taking place, the Hoover and Wood camps entered into talks where many agree that general ideas were discussed and after hours of doing so, Hoover walked out and endorsed Wood, calling the man perhaps the next great President and Wood honorably declared him to be his running mate. Thus, on the 99th ballot, Wood was Nominated with a solid majority to be the Republican Presidential Candidate.
 
 
1924 Republican National Convention, Ninety-Ninth Ballot
 
Leonard Wood : 894
Charles Curtis : 196
Abstain : 19
 
With the Republican having decisively chosen a Presidential Nominee, they went on to the Vice Presidential Balloting where Hoover would face Curtis and Dixon for the Nomination to be Wood’s running Mate. The Party had 13 Ballots that were deadlocked between the three before Curtis finally dropped his name from Consideration and announced his support for Hoover as Wood’s running mate. Thus, after 113 Ballots combined, the Republicans had their own ticket, which left to start their official campaign on July 8th. However, the Election would not be just between the Smith/Allen and Wood/Hoover tickets. In Mid July, following the chaos the Republican National Convention, Wisconsin Senator Robert La Follette announced his intentions to run for President, declaring “the two tickets that American have been presented with will offer no real change and thus, it is time for America to be granted a real choice, a choice that will bring will change…” and to reach out even more to his progressive base, he declared that his running mate would be none other than Hiram Johnson, saying that what the Republicans did to him was perhaps the worst thing possible and that their ticket was to show the Republicans the Consequences of their actions.
 
However, there still remained one person to announce their candidacy, once that changed the United States, and the World at large, forever. On a warm, Sunday Evening, on July 20th, in Detroit, Michigan, a businessman renowned worldwide for revolutionizing industry with his assembly line production, in his very early 60s, announced his Candidacy. “I, Henry Ford, executive chairman of the Ford Motor Company and publisher of The Dearborn Independent, am announcing my Candidacy for President because there is no other candidate that will do what it takes in this election and not only continue America’s prosperity into the future, but also make sure that America, in the now and present, will be kept great!”. Henry Ford would then declare that his running mate would be Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur, who served as Superintendent of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, where he attempted reforms with varying levels of success, and became somewhat known due to his instrumental role in the quelling of the Philippine Scout Mutiny on July 7th, which happened due to Philippine auxiliaries not being treated as equally the white troops.
 
While Ford was initially mocked for his candidacy, with many laughing at the idea of a Businessman being President, Ford shot back by stating that the two major candidates of the Party knew not the practices of Business due to them politicking and he also reminded them that on their ticket in some way or another, there was a military general, much like Ford, but Ford’s ticket had the Economic and Service experience to handle America properly while the two major tickets had one of each. And thus began the craziness of the 1924 General Election.
 

Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood of New Hampshire and Commerce Secretary Herbert Hoover of Iowa, the 1924 Republican ticket
 

 
Wisconsin Senator Robert La Follette and California Senator Hiram Johnson, the 1924 Progressive Ticket
 

 
Businessman Henry Ford of Michigan and Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur of Wisconsin, the 1924 Independent Ticket.
Thoughts? This is the last update for the day, so hope you’ve enjoyed.

[UWS]

Great thus far

[Huey Long is a Republican]

"How is Ford doing so well in the south?! They're supposed to hate anyone that isn't a Democrat!" - Senator Walter F. George of Georgia upon learning that the Independent Ticket led the Democratic Ticket in the deep south.

The General Election for 1924 was one for the ages. Right off the bat, Ford and La Follette were running neck and neck with the Major Party tickets in polls, meaning that the election could go to the house. This meant that all four tickets would have to rely on their strategies and their ideas in order to win over supporters, as any amount could lead to victory.

Wood planned to campaign in New England, the Midwest, and the West Coast, believing those states would possibly give him the win. The reason for this was due to the fact that the regions had a long Republican lean to them, having gone to most Republicans since the Civil War, with the only exceptions being California (Going to the Democrats in 1880, 1892, and 1916 and the Progressive Bull Moose Party in 1912), Connecticut (1876, 1884, 1888, and 1912), and New Hampshire (1916) though many do not count the 1912 elections for the other states due to the massive vote splitting in that election. Wood campaigned on his military service and his record as Governor-General of the Philippines while his running mate Hoover campaigned on his record as Commerce Secretary under the Harding Administration. Wood would also campaign on a Progressive message, bringing in the ideas of Progressivism as a mix between Teddy Roosevelt's own progressivism and La Follete's progressivism. Needles to say, this strategy didn't go over well with voters, who felt that Wood was just going to use their votes to win.

The Smith strategy was somewhat similar. Due to how crazy the election was, he decided to focus on the Midwest and Northeast, hoping to score those wins, especially his home state of New York, where he had been Governor for nearly a year and a year from 1919-1920 as well. He also hoped that the deep south would support him in the election endeavors. However, he faced much scrutiny for his religion, being a catholic, and many feared the idea of a President potentially bending down to the pope and taking orders from them. A speech from Smith addressing the issue in New Jersey received barely any attention as anti-smith marches began all across the nation, especially in the deep south, where people chanted very famously "All catholics love the Pope, Smith will do the same." Due to these reasons and his attempt to appeal to Progressives, Smith was deemed unacceptable for the Deep South and thus their support went over to Ford, leaving the idea of a Smith Presidency dead in the water for several months.

La Follete's strategy was quite simple : Campaign in the Midwest and Great Plains and force the politicians to listen to the wants and need of the average American. His campaign was a staunchly progressive one, focusing on the issues and attacking all the candidates as either men looking to line their pockets with the money of the wealthy (Ford) or Politicians who were simply going to use the people to win and then forget all about them in the White House. However, La Follete's ideas were considered too radical by many Americans at the time and thus, his chances of winning were never realistic. Instead, he hoped to force the Election to the House and then force one of his opponents to attempt to do all the things he campaigned on before he would let that Candidate get his electoral votes.

Finally, the Ford Campaign was relatively complex with perhaps one of the most interesting strategies of all time : A 48 State Strategy. This strategy was, quite simply, an idea where Ford would campaign in all 48 states, meeting with people and getting their support no matter the challenges. He would run on a pro-business and pro-free market platform, though he did make clear of his apparent anti-semitism and Segregationist ideas in the south, like in his famous "The True American Enemy speech in Little Rock, Arkansas where he stated "It is the negro and they who believe in Yahweh [Jews] that are the rue American enemy, for it is them, and not ordinary people, who spread the ideas of Communism and it is them who threaten our standard of living so much in this time." These speeches, however, never got any major coverage by the media, leaving the country unknowing of such statements. This is likely due to the fact that Ford, having many connections, convinced news outlets to ignore his controversial speeches and make only positive news stories about himself while also making negative stories about his opponents. It was due to this fact and his campaign platform that Ford rose to be the Election's front-runner, Leading in a poll where Ford had 28 % of the vote, La Follette had 25 %, Wood had 24 %, and Smith had 20 %, leaving only 3 % undecided for the election.

The election heated up, however, when, in the middle of September, the stock market took a sudden dip for a strange reason that no one no one really knows why. Despite crisis being averted relatively quickly and the issue being fixed, for a few days from September 14th-19th, it seemed like the world would go into total economic collapse. Due to this needed market readjustment, Hoover was blamed and due to that, Wood quickly lost huge swathes of support, who went over to Ford rather than support someone like Wood, despite the Governor-General having distanced himself from the Harding administration. It seemed his decision in picking Herbert Hoover as his running mate had cost him dearly.

The election remained generally quiet after that, though there were some stories that were fabricated about all four candidates. In Late October, however, a triple scandal happened for the three non-scandal hurt tickets. For the Smith/Allen ticket, it was revealed that Smith had seemingly plagiarized a speech given by a Massachusetts representative in a speech in Pennsylvania. While the speech has been lost to history, it harmed the Smith Campaign greatly and they couldn't recover from its effects. For the La Follete/Johnson ticket, it was revealed that a member of the Campaign's staff had taken bribes in exchange for a possible position in the lower level cabinet positions for a possible La Follette White House. Despite there being no obvious connections between the man and the ticket beyond them just being staff, the scandal ruined La Follette's anti-corruption message and many of his supporters became undecided in the election. Finally, there was the scandal for the Ford/MacArthur ticket. It was revealed that, apparently, Henry Ford from the years 1921-1923 had a mistress, though this is an unknown that was burned away and forgotten in history, so many cannot state whether or nor such a scandal was based in reality. America, having felt betrayed by a man having an extra marital affair before running for President, almost collectively lost interest in Ford. It took a few days, but after a rallying speech where Ford proclaimed that his love for his wife Clara was everlasting and that a simple attempt to slander his name wouldn't end it.

Following this, Ford would receive a modest bump in support. Going into Election day, Ford had a slim lead and thus when Election Night came, everyone sat with bated breath as they listened to the results come in over the radio.

What do you think? I hope you enjoyed this update and I hope to continue these more and more. Also, a little note, please don't think Ford's views are mine. It is a known fact that Ford was, indeed, an Anti-Semite due to his works though we know little about his thoughts on African Americans. Thus, I believe the speech segment made sense. Alright, have fun and talk to you all later.

[Huey Long is a Republican]

6 : 00 PM EST - Most Polls in Kentucky and Indiana close, though none are called yet.

Electoral Map so Far

Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA): 0
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 0
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 0
Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 0

7 : 00 PM EST - All Polls close in Indiana, Kentucky, Vermont, Virginia, South Carolina, and Georgia. Most polls close in Florida.

Ford wins Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, South Carolina, and Virginia. Wood wins Vermont.

State Results (where all polls are closed)

Georgia

Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 74.86 % (124,700) ✔
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA): 18.17 % (30,267)
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 5.65 % (9,412)
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 1.32 % (2,199)
56.69 % (94,433 Vote) Ford Win

Indiana

Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 49.87 % (634,541) ✔
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA): 29.15 % (370,902)
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 11.79 % (150,015)
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 9.19 % (116,933)
20.72 % (263,639 Vote) Ford Win

Kentucky

Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 66.13 % (539,179) ✔
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA): 19.86 % (161,925)
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 13.57 % (110,641)
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 1.12 % (9,132)
46.27 % (377,254 Vote) Ford Win

South Carolina

Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 92.43 % (46,910) ✔
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 7.57 % (3,842)
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 0.00 % (0)
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA): 0.00 % (0)
84.86 % (43,068 Vote) Ford Win

Vermont

Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA): 36.77 % (37,843) ✔
Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 36.42 % (37,482)
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 20.56 % (21,160)
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 6.25 % (6,432)
0.35 % (361 Vote) Wood Win

Virginia

Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 72.45 % (162,000) ✔
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 17.19 % (38,437)
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA): 7.04 % (15,742)
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 3.33 % (7,446)
55.26 % (123,563 Vote) Ford Win

Electoral Map so Far

Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 63 [5 States]
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA): 4 [1 State]
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 0
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 0

7 : 30 PM EST - Polls Close in North Carolina, Ohio, and West Virginia.

Ford wins in North Carolina, Ohio, and West Virginia.

State Results (where all polls are closed)

North Carolina

Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 63.94 % (308,630) [5 States] ✔
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA): 18.15 % (87,608) [1 State]
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 11.61 % (56,040)
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 6.29 % (30,361)
45.79 % (221,022 Vote) Ford Win

Ohio

Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 52.35 % (1,055,500) ✔
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 29.16 % (587,935)
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA): 14.18 % (285,902)
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 4.31 % (86,900)
23.19 % (467,565 Vote) Ford Win

West Virginia

Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 74.97 % (437,571) ✔
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 16.05 % (93,678)
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA): 7.11 % (41,498)
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 1.87 % (10,914)
58.92 % (343,893 Vote) Ford Win

Electoral Map so Far

Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 107 [8 States]
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA): 4 [1 State]
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 0
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 0

8 : 00 PM EST - All polls close in Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Tennessee. Some Polls in Kansas, Michigan, and Texas.

Ford wins Alabama, Connecticut, Florida, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Tennessee. Wood wins New Hampshire. Smith wins Delaware.

State Results (where all polls are closed)

Alabama

Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 61.34 % (102,188) ✔
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA): 20.15 % (33,568)
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 16.26 % (27,088)
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 2.25 % (3,748)
41.19 % (68,620 Vote) Ford Win

Connecticut

Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 30.002 % (120,097) ✔
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA): 30.001 % (120,093)
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 26.764 % (107,135)
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 13.233 % (52,971)
0.001 % (4 Vote) Ford Win

Delaware

Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 30.003 % (27,268) ✔
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA): 30.002 % (27,267)
Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 20.431 % (18,569)
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 19.564 % (17,781)
0.001 % (1 Vote) Smith Win

Florida

Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 55.95 % (61,072) ✔
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA): 30.67 % (33,478)
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 10.14 % (11,068)
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 3.24 % (3,537)
25.28 % (27,594 Vote) Ford Win

Illinois

Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 40.46 % (999,389) ✔
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA): 36.12 % (892,188)
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 13.75 % (339,634)
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 9.67 % (238,855)
4.34 % (107,201 Vote) Ford Win

Maine

Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 30.16 % (57,965) ✔
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA): 30.12 % (57,888)
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 30.03 % (57,715)
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 9.69 % (18,623)
0.04 % (77 Vote) Ford Win

Maryland

Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 60.98 % (218,693) ✔
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA): 26.71 % (95,790)
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 7.93 % (28,439)
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 3.38 % (12,122)
34.27 % (122,903 Vote) Ford Win

Massachusetts

Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 30.063 % (339,663) ✔
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA): 30.061 % (339,640)
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 30.042 % (339,426)
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 9.83 % (111,108)
0.002 % (23 Vote) Ford Win

Mississippi

Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 90.34 % (101,598) ✔
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA): 4.52 % (5,083)
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 3.78 % (4,251)
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 1.36 % (1,529)
85.82 % (96,515 Vote) Ford Win

Missouri

Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 57.77 % (755,607) ✔
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA): 28.12 % (367,798)
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 9.82 % (128,441)
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 4.29 % (56,111)
29.65 % (387,809 Vote) Ford Win

New Hampshire

Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA): 43.66 % (71,938) ✔
Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 31.78 % (52,364)
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 16.23 % (26,742)
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 8.33 % (13,725)
11.88 % (19,574 Vote) Ford Win

New Jersey

Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 35.743 % (388,197) ✔
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA): 35.741 % (388,175)
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 18.36 % (199,426)
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 10.15 % (110,280)
0.002 % (22 Vote) Ford Win

Oklahoma

Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 43.58 % (230,283) ✔
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 28.19 % (148,960)
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA): 18.65 % (98,549)
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 9.58 % (50,622)
15.39 % (81,323 Vote) Ford Win

Pennsylvania

Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 53.94 % (1,156,932) ✔
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 25.72 % (551,655)
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 6.58 % (295,131)
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA): 6.58 % (141,131)
28.22 % (605,277 Vote) Ford Win

Rhode Island

Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 25.788 % (54,184) ✔
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 25.787 % (54,182)
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA): 25.624 % (53,840)
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 22.80 % (47,908)
0.002 % (2 Vote) Ford Win

Tennessee

Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 67.19 % (201,755) ✔
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 15.37 % (46,152)
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA): 13.73 % (41,228)
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 3.71 % (11,140)
51.82 % (155,603 Vote) Ford Win

Electoral Map so Far

Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 300 [15 States] ✔
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA): 8 [2 States]
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 3 [1 State]
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 0

HENRY FORD ELECTED THIRTIETH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES

8 : 30 PM EST - All Polls close in Arkansas

Ford wins in Arkansas

State Results (where all polls are closed)

Arkansas

Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 69.56 % (96,363) ✔
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA): 19.17 % (26,557)
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 8.85 % (12,260)
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 2.42 % (3,352)
50.39 % (69,806 Vote) Ford Win

Electoral Map so Far

Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 309 [16 States] ✔
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA): 8 [2 States]
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 3 [1 State]
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 0

[Huey Long is a Republican]

9 : 00 PM EST - All polls in Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, South Dakota, Texas, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.

Ford wins Arizona, Colorado, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, New York, North Dakota, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming. La Follette wins Wisconsin.

State Results (where all polls are closed)

Arizona

Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 32.34 % (23,919) ✔
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA) : 31.78 % (23,505)
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 25.89 % (19,149)
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 10.69 % (7,906)
0.56 % (414 Vote) Ford Win

Colorado

Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 30.08 % (102,952) ✔
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA) : 30.05 % (102,849)
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 23.62 % (80,842)
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 16.25 % (55,617)
0.03 % (103 Vote) Ford Win

Kansas

Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 54.88 % (363,555) ✔
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 27.15 % (179,856)
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA) : 10.76 % (71,280)
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 7.21 % (47,763)
27.73 % (183,699 Vote) Ford Win

Louisiana

Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 81.23 % (99,061) ✔
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA) : 10.74 % (13,098)
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 4.96 % (6,049)
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 3.07 % (3,744)
70.49 % (85,963 Vote) Ford Win

Michigan

Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 71.86 % (833,877) ✔
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 16.26 % (188,684)
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA) : 7.94 % (92,137)
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 2.94 % (34,116)
55.60 % (645,193 Vote) Ford Win

Minnesota

Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 29.95 % (246,233) ✔
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA) : 29.93 % (246,068)
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 29.64 % (243,684)
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 10.48 % (86,161)
0.02 % (165 Vote) Ford Win

Nebraska

Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 40.36 % (187,340) ✔
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 40.31 % (187,108)
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA) : 13.78 % (63,963)
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 5.55 % (25,762)
0.05 % (232 Vote) Ford Win

New Mexico

Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 41.34 % (46,644) ✔
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 28.74 % (32,427)
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA) : 21.67 % (24,450)
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 8.25 % (9,308)
12.60 % (14,217 Vote) Ford Win

New York

Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 28.763 % (938,807) ✔
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA) : 28.762 % (938,774)
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 28.179 % (919,745)
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 14.296 % (466,613)
0.001 % (33 Vote) Ford Win

North Dakota

Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 27.192 % (54,134) ✔
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA) : 27.191 % (54,132)
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 27.068 % (53,887)
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 18.55 % (36,928)
0.001 % (2 Vote) Ford Win

South Dakota

Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 51.62 % (105,237) ✔
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 40.15 % (81,853)
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA) : 6.26 % (12,762)
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 1.97 % (4,016)
11.47 % (23,384 Vote) Ford Win

Texas

Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 88.93 % (584,723) ✔
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 6.75 % (44,382)
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA) : 2.97 % (19,528)
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 1.35 % (8,876)
82.18 % (540,341 Vote) Ford Win

Wisconsin

Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 82.36 % (692,504) ✔
Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 14.15 % (118,977)
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA) : 2.36 % (19,843)
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 1.13 % (9,501)
68.21 % (573,527 Vote) La Follette Win

Wyoming

Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 60.19 % (48,092) ✔
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 30.67 % (24,505)
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA) : 6.82 % (5,449)
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 2.32 % (1,854)
29.52 % (23,587 Vote) Ford Win

Electoral Map so Far

Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 454 ✔
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 13
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA) : 8
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 3

10 : 00 PM EST - All Polls close in Iowa, Montana, Nevada, and Utah. Some polls in Idaho close.

Ford wins Iowa, Montana, Nevada, and Utah.

State Results (where all polls are closed)

Iowa

Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 36.79 % (359,424) ✔
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA) : 36.72 % (358,740)
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 16.43 % (160,515)
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 10.06 % (98,282)
0.07 % (684 Vote) Ford Win

Montana

Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 45.16 % (78,769) ✔
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 40.87 % (71,287)
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA) : 9.36 % (16,326)
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 4.61 % (8,041)
4.29 % (7,482 Vote) Ford Win

Nevada

Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 38.16 % (10,273) ✔
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA) : 38.11 % (10,260)
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 19.24 % (5,180)
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 4.49 % (1,209)
0.05 % (13 Vote) Ford Win

Utah

Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 41.22 % (64,711) ✔
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 41.15 % (64,601)
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA) : 10.64 % (16,704)
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 6.99 % (10,974)
0.07 % (110 Vote) Ford Win

Electoral Map so Far

Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 478 ✔
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 13
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA) : 8
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 3

11 : 00 PM EST - All polls close in California, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington.

Ford wins California and Washington. La Follette wins Idaho. Smith wins Oregon.

State Results (where all polls are closed)

California

Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 30.17 % (386,749) ✔
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA) : 30.15 % (386,493)
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 27.43 % (351,625)
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 12.25 % (157,033)
0.02 % (256 Vote) Ford Win

Idaho

Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 34.57 % (51,266) ✔
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA) : 30.15 % (44,711)
Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 28.16 % (41,760)
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 7.12 % (10,559)
4.42 % (6,555 Vote) La Follette Win

Oregon

Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 26.943 % (75,302) ✔
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 26.941 % (75,297)
Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 26.868 % (75,093)
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA) : 19.25 % (53,796)
0.002 % (5 Vote) Smith Win

Washington

Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 53.45 % (225,318) ✔
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 37.99 % (160,146)
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA) : 4.78 % (20,150)
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 3.78 % (15,935)
15.46 % (65,172 Vote) Ford Win

Final Electoral Map + Final Popular Vote

Mr. Henry Ford (I-MI)/Brigadier General Douglas MacArthur (I-WI) : 478/45.70 % (13,297,078) ✔ (42 States)
Senator Robert La Follette (P-WI)/Senator Hiram Johnson (R-CA) : 17/20.24 % (5,888,505) (2 States)
Governor-General of the Philippines Leonard Wood (R-NH)/Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover (R-CA) : 8/22.07 % (6,420,672) (2 States)
Governor Al Smith (D-NY)/Major General Henry T. Allen (D-KY) : 3/11.99 % (3,488,743) (2 States)

Spreadsheet : https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1fl2x6TjzawCLpkoVTA8iMzq_UTvU0blpJEvYHgS9roI/edit?usp=sharing