The liberal Republic

[President Johnson]

Prime Minister Menachem Megin and President Anwar Sadat during the historic summit

LOL, there you got me. The subtext for images is usually the only part I don't write in Word before

[President Johnson]

It seems that the ratification of the Camp David treaty might be good news for the Republicans for 1980.

It's certainly a boost for the upcoming midterms (plus the economy). 1980 is two years out and 1979 will be difficult year on the foreign stage with Iran and Afghanistan.

[President Johnson]

Mid-September 1978: Governor Kennedy accused of having extramarital affair with intern



President Nelson Rockefeller expressed his opinion that the ongoing press speculation over RFK's private life isn't the "gold standard of journalism"

By the end of September and into early October, press speculation over the alleged mistress in the governor’s office continued to be in the news. A September 30 press conference RFK gave ended in turmoil as approximately half of the time was devoted to questions about the issue. Ethel Kennedy, his wife, faced a series of offensive questions from reporters that she declined to answer.

On October 2, the Kennedys received unexpected help: At a press conference of his own, President Nelson Rockefeller used the opportunity to criticize press members. “I have to say that most of these reports on Governor Kennedy’s private life lack the necessary respect for this man’s private life and his family. What we are seeing here is a large amount of misguided speculation”, the president remarked, “while all public officials must be held to high standards, the press must first and foremost focus on political issues that are of the general public's interest. The treatment Governor Kennedy has received so far, by not all, but several reporters is not something that I think is appropriate. As long as there is no proven evidence that Governor Kennedy has done something illegal or deeply unethical, I don’t see how matters like this are of public relevance. What we’ve seen is not the gold standard of journalism.”

Following the president's remarks, congressional leaders from both parties publically agreed with the statement and emphasized that journalists must respect a level of privacy. On his TV show, former California Ronald Reagan, usually a vocal Kennedy critic, expressed similar thoughts. However, Reagan said that RFK's team mishandled their public response rather than being transparent from the beginning on.

[President Johnson]

October 1978: Midterm election campaign gains steam as Republicans grow increasingly optimistic



It used to be one of the less interesting races for governor as RFK was expected to easily win a second term over his Republican challenger, Assemblyman Perry Duryea. But the alleged affair around (now former) intern Martha Snyder led to a dramatic fall of his approval rating: A New York Times poll from mid-October found that 49% of New Yorkers approved his job performance while 43% disapproved. This is down eleven points; a survey from early September had him at 60% approval and only 34% disapproval. Kennedy was still the clear favorite to get reelected, but political observers questioned what impact the affair would have on a rumored second bid for the White House in 1980. Meanwhile, there was still a question whether federal or state prosecutors could look at the matter. Clear at this point was one thing: If RFK decides to jump into the presidential race next year, he wouldn't be guaranteed to win his party's nomination as was expected following his close loss in the 1972 election. The governor still has a devoted base of support among Democratic ranks, but he alienated a substancial part of his party that goes beyond southern conservatives, who never liked him and members of the Kennedy clan. In 1976 already, even several liberal Democrats blamed him for not supporting Edmund Muskie more enthusiastically. Critics of the JFK brother even argue he wanted Muskie to lose for his own political gain and prepare another presidential campaign in 1980.

A late October Gallup poll found that 47% of Americans had a positive view on Bobby Kennedy, while 41% viewed him negative. Only 45% said he was honest and trustworthy following the alleged affair. For comparison: 64% of Americans said in the same poll that President Rockefeller was honest and trustworthy, only 19% said the head of state was not. Asked whether RFK should run for president again, 40% said yes, while 39% answered this question with no. Among Democrats, that number is 63%, but only 27% said they would definitely vote for him the primary.


October 31, 1978: New Gallup polls

President Rockefeller job approval
Approve: 55% ▼
Disapprove: 40% ▲


1978 generic congressional ballot
Republicans: 48% ▼
Democrats: 44% ▲

[President Johnson]

★★★ United States midterm elections; November 7, 1978 ★★★




On November 7, voters went to the polls to choose 435 new representatives and a third of their senators. The elections took place in addition to several gubernatorial and local elections.


Senate elections



(Incumbents base on the results of the 1972 election in this TL)

Dark red/blue = Democratic/Republican hold
Light red/blue = Democratic/Republican gain
Grey = No senate election in 1978


53 Democrats* (▬); 47 Republicans (▬)
DEMOCRATIC CONTROL

* includes one Independent caucusing with Democrats (Harry F. Bryd Jr. (I-VA))

Democratic gains: KY, MT, NE, OK
Republican gains: ME, MS, NH, SD


Notable races

Alabama
✓ Howell Heflin (D) 94.0%
Jerome Couch (Proh.): 5.0%
Democratic incumbent retired, Democratic hold

Kansas
✓ Nancy Kassebaum (R): 51.9%
William R. Roy (D): 45.8%
Republican incumbent retired, Republican hold

Massachusetts
✓ Paul Tsongas (D, inc.): 49.5%
John Volpe (R): 49.3%
Democratic incumbent reelected (first appointed in 1975, won special election in 1976)

Minnesota (Special)
✓ Orville Freeman (D): 53.0%
Tom Hagedorn (R): 44.6%
Democratic appointee (Muriel Humphrey) retired, Democratic hold

New Jersey
✓ Clifford P. Chase (R, inc.): 52.5%
Bill Brady (D): 43.8%
Republican incumbent reelected

North Carolina
✓ James Holshouser (R): 54.7%
John Ingram (D): 44.2%
Republican incumbent lost renomination, Republican hold


House of Representatives elections



234 Democrats (▲ 19); 201 Republicans (▼ 19)
DEMOCRATIC CONTROL


Congressional leadership will be listed upon the new congress' opening on January 3, 1979.


Notable gubernatorial elections

California
✓ Jerry Brown (D, inc.): 57.5%
Evelle Younger (R): 35.2%

Florida
✓ Bob Graham (D): 56.2%
Bob Eckerd (R): 42.8%

New York
✓ Robert F. Kennedy (D, inc.): 51.1%
Perry Duryea (R): 48.0%


A Status-Quo election

“A status quo election” is how political observers across the country described the results of the midterm elections. In the House, the Democrats – as already expected – regained a majority by picking up 19 seats from the Republicans. This means, Democrats have now 234 seats compared the GOP’s 201. However, the Democrats only won the popular vote by less than one percentage point (49.5% to 48.7%). Minority Leader Tip O’Neill from Massachusetts is expected to succeed Republican Speaker John Jacob Rhodes of Arizona. O'Neill and the President Rockefeller are no strangers to each other and are expected to have a fair working relationship. Back in 1976, Democrats surprisingly lost their house majority they held since 1955 and significantly increased in the 1974 midterm elections. Despite the Democratic gains, their performance was underwhelming for a midterm during a second term presidency. In the senate, there was a different picture: Even though the parties exchanged four seats on each side, the partisan breakdown remains the same as in the previous congress: 53 Democrats, 47 Republicans. This was disappointing for the Democrats, as they hoped to expand their majority. Instead, they lost important seats in New England, where President Rockefeller campaigned for fellow Republicans and is very popular.

Another hit for Democrats was the underwhelming performance of their presumed presidential frontrunner Robert F. Kennedy. He won reelection to a second term as governor of New York, but with just little over 51% of the vote, his race was much closer than expected. It was evident that the alleged affair with an intern and payments for her private apartment damaged RFK’s reputation and caused his approval rating in the state to drop by double digits in a matter of months. With an ethics investigation looming by state authorities, a bunch of journalists already begun asking whether he still can be seen as the top-contender for the nomination in 1980. Some remarked that by then, a weakened RFK may be yesterday’s news and the Democrats must look for a new leader to regain the presidency from a man, who has done pretty well in his second term. "Whether it's Ronald Reagan, Mike Hatfield or someone else, I wouldn't rule out a third consectutive Republican win", a New York Times reporter wrote, "nevertheless, in two years, a lot can happen."


President Rockefeller reacts to midterm election results



President Rockefeller talked to the press the morning after the election

On November 8, President Nelson Rockefeller gave a brief statement before the press on the election result.

President Rockefeller: My fellow Americans, members of the press and distinguished guests: Yesterday, it was up to the American people to elect a new Congress, several new governors and other local officials to represent their interests at the respective levels of government. I am proud that once again we have set an example for fair and free elections around the world. Because it is this long tradition, that makes America such a unique place on this earth.
First off, I want to thank all those who ran for public office, expressed their opinions in the public discourse and tried so hard to convince their fellow Americans of their ideas. I congratulate all those who have been elected by the people to represent their constituency. To the new members of Congress and the newly elected governors I extend my hand of friendship and offer you a respectful cooperation with my administration. Vice President Ford and I will soon meet all freshman senators and representatives here at the White House to discuss a broad range of issues. We will also meet congressional leaders, including the designated House speaker, by the end of this week.
To those who have been reelected, I offer each and everyone of you to continue to work together, strengthen our partnership and work for the benefit of all Americans. As we have done over the last six years, I am hopeful and optimistic that, in a bipartisan fashion, the Congress and my administration will work together to find commonsense solutions to tackle the nations most urgent problems and keep the peace around the world. This is what there American people sent us up to do. I am fully committed to contribute my part, and I know each member of congress feels the same way.
Within the next few weeks and then in my State of the Union Address coming January, I look forward to present a more detailed vision for the final two years that I occupy this office. Thank you very much.

[President Johnson]

November 30, 1978: New Gallup poll

President Rockefeller job approval
Approve: 56% ▲
Disapprove: 40% ▬


December 4, 1978: Richard Nixon confirms to stay on until end of term



William Scranton for president? Don't rule it out, says the UN Ambassador

On December 29, 1978, UN Ambassador William Scranton said he is unlikely to run, but may consider doing so by the end of 1979. Scranton also served as governor of Pennsylvania from 1963 to 1967 and belongs to the moderate wing of the GOP. Before, Treasury Secretary Raymond Shafer mentioned him as a potential candidate with broad experience and ruled out a run for himself. Shafer was lieutenant governor under Scranton and later succeeded him in the governor's chair. Both have close relationship with President Rockefeller.


December 31, 1978: New Gallup polls, including the 1980 primaries

President Rockefeller job approval
Approve: 54% ▼
Disapprove: 41% ▲


1980 Republican Party presidential nomination

Former Governor Ronald Reagan: 30%
Senator and Minority Leader Mark Hatfield: 15%
Vice President Gerald Ford: 10%
Senator Howard Baker: 6%
Senator Paul Laxalt: 5%
Representative Jack Kemp: 4%
Senator Lowell Weicker: 3%
Senator Bob Dole: 3%
UN Ambassador William Scranton: 3%
Senator John Tower: 3%
Former Commerce Secretary John Connally: 2%
Someone else/undecided: 17%

Reagan vs. Hatfield
Former Governor Ronald Reagan: 45%
Senator and Minority Leader Mark Hatfield: 32%

Reagan vs. Ford
Former Governor Ronald Reagan: 43%
Vice President Gerald Ford: 37%


1980 Democratic Party presidential nomination

Senator Lloyd Bentsen: 18%
Senator Albert Brewer: 14%
Governor Reubin Askew: 9%
Senator Ted Kennedy: 8%
Governor Jerry Brown: 5%
Senator George McGovern: 5%
Senator Frank Church: 3%
Senator Mario Cuomo: 2%
Governor Jere Beasley: 2%
Senator Alan Cranston: 2%
Senator Wendell Ford: 2%
Someone else/undecided: 30%

[President Johnson]

Damn. With Bobby out, I guess I'll be supporting another Democrat, though definitely not Bentsen. For the Republicans, I'd like Scranton.

Why not Bentsen? He was not too far left but not a DINO either. Would you support Hatfield, Scranton or Ford over him?

[President Johnson]

Damn. With Bobby out, I guess I'll be supporting another Democrat, though definitely not Bentsen. For the Republicans, I'd like Scranton.

Why not Bentsen? He was not too far left but not a DINO either. Would you support Hatfield, Scranton or Ford over him?

I just don't feel like Bentsen is particularly exciting. I'd support him probably, but he's just like... eh. There are better options.

Well, he was great in the 1988 debate with Dan "Potatoe" Quayle.

[President Johnson]

January 3, 1979: 96th Congress convenes



On the third of January, 1979, the newly elected 96th congress opened. Both chambers are controlled by the Democratic Party, giving the US a fully divided government.

Congressional Leadership:
Senate President: Gerald R. Ford (R-MI)
Senate Majority Leader: Robert Byrd (D-WV)
Senate Majority Whip: Alan Cranston (D-CA)
Senate Minority Leader: Mark Hatfield (R-OR)
Senate Minority Whip: John Tower (R-TX)

Speaker of the House: Tip O'Neill (D-MA)
House Majority Leader: Jim Wright (D-TX)
House Minority Leader: John Jacob Rhodes (R-AZ)
House Minority Whip: Robert H. Michel (R-IL)

President Nelson Rockefeller’s State of the Union Address is scheduled for February 1, 1979.


January 9, 1979

BREAKING: President Rockefeller announces decision to withdraw support for Shah amidst Iranian turmoil



At the White House on January 9, President Nelson Rockefeller announced a critical decision on foreign policy

For months, the Iranian Shah has been confronted with increasing protests from various opposition groups. In mid-December 1978, Secretary of State Richard Nixon called upon the Shah to negotiate with protesters and begin a series of reforms. However, the Shah rebuked Nixon, saying that the US agreed not to interfere in inner affairs of Iran. By late December, the situation further heated up and was so urgent that President Nelson Rockefeller summoned his foreign policy team to his office in New York, where he stayed for Christmas vacation, for discussion. According to inner sources from the White House, Secretary of State Richard Nixon voiced concern that chaos might break out and open the door for the USSR to occupy parts of Persia, while religious fundamentalists would also take advantage of the situation. Vice President Gerald Ford and Defense Secretary Dan Evans proposed to set an ultimatum for the Shah to prompt certain domestic reforms. The president agreed, but at National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger’s urging, sent the Shah a telegram instead of making it public. Apparently, the Shah agreed to parts of the Rockefeller note and named a new prime minister by appointing Shapour Bakhtiar to the post.



Mass demonstrations in Teheran against the Shah provoked the crisis

By early January 1979, the situation further mounted with millions on the streets of Teheran. As sources from the White House tell, by January 7, after extensive briefings from the CIA, President Nelson Rockefeller came to the conclusion the Shah could not last much longer. During a second crisis meeting on January 8, Defense Secretary Dan Evans briefly raised the option of military action to keep the Shah in power, but Secretary of State Richard Nixon, usually not hesitate to use force, advised against. The president quickly dismissed the idea of American military action and leaned towards withdrawing support from the Shah. Later that day, he reportedly phoned with leaders of allied nations, among them Canada, the UK, Germany, France and Israel.

On January 9, the president gave a public address at the White House to announce his decision to publically withdraw support for Shah Pahlavi. “Recent events made it clear, that there need to be severe changes in Iran’s leadership. The Shah no longer has enough support from his countrymen that my administration can back his government [...] This is a difficult decision to make, but I feel compelled to do so under these circumstances”, President Rockefeller said and called for talks between opposition groups to form a national unity government. Five days later, at a London meeting with the heads of state, Canada, the UK, France and Germany followed at President Rockefeller’s urging. German Chancellor Schmidt reportedly offered to play a moderating role if necessary, since his country has good business relations to Iran.

Whether the West’s late move would help calm down the situation was questionable, though, as protests continued. On January 16, the Shah felt compelled to flee Teheran and Khomeini announced his return to Iran. On January 17, President Rockefeller urged to United Nations to step into negotiations, but the USSR so far showed little interest in such an effort.


January 29, 1979: Healthcare law reintroduced in senate

The proponents of healthcare reform don’t give up: Three weeks after the new congress opened, Senators Albert Brewer (D-AL) and Clifford Case (R-NJ) reintroduced their healthcare bill with some minor changes. The Rockefeller White House has welcomed the effort in a public statement and Senate Majority Leader Robert Byrd voiced openness to put the measure on the floor. The administration and supporters in the senate hope they can once again maneuver the measure through the chamber and put it before the House, where Democrats have gained a majority after the 1978 midterm elections. Conservatives such as Senator Paul Laxalt (R-NV) once again slammed the effort as “government healthcare” and promised the fight the bill.


January 31, 1979: New Gallup poll

President Rockefeller job approval
Approve: 55% ▲
Disapprove: 38% ▼

[President Johnson]

February 1, 1979

President Nelson Rockefeller’s State of the Union Address



President Nelson Rockefeller shakes hands with Vice President Gerald Ford before delivering his 1979 State of the Union Address

Once again, and presumably the second last time in his term, President Nelson Rockefeller appeared before a joint session of congress to deliver his State of the Union Address to lawmakers and the nation. The president, after 435 representatives and 100 senators welcomed him with standing ovations, opened his speech by congratulating newly elected Speaker Tip O’Neill and all new members. The first half of the 40 minute speech focused on the administration’s domestic policy goals. During his address, the chief executive presented an ambitious agenda for the year that just begun. Among other things, Rocky proposed: Enactment of the Brewer/Case Healthcare proposal into law, a new infrastructure program for waterways and anti-discrimination measures to promote equal pay for women. In light of the budget surplus projected for this fiscal year, President Rockefeller proposed a law that requires the federal government to spend a third of surpluses into debt reduction. “We must spend a certain amount of the surplus to pay down our debt and put our fiscal house in order, so that future generations can live well”, the president remarked. The other funds available from the surplus, he suggested, should be spent on healthcare, drug prevention programs and raising wages for government employees after the administration blocked such efforts during the early/mid 1970s recession.

The part relating to foreign policy, President Rockefeller once again pointed to the diplomatic successes his administration achieved in the previous year. He added: “While we have every reason to be proud of this record, this is no time retreat from the world stage. With a newly emerged crisis in Iran, American leadership as a force for peace is more needed than ever.” The president defended his decision to drop the Shah and called upon parties to find a solution and offered US assistance. Furthermore, he presented a peace plan for the unsolved Cyprus conflict. “Past diplomatic intervention from our administration have shown that we can solve difficult disputes among and between nations in the interest of a more peaceful world”, the president said, “American leadership is more needed than ever, and I am proud to have such a skillful and effective foreign policy team.”

He finished his speech by urging lawmakers to work across the aisle and find common-sense solutions. Calling for unity, the president once again thanked the American people for the privilege to serve as head of state.


The Democratic Response



The mayor of America's largest city was chosen to respond to President Rockefeller

The Democrats surprised the nation by selecting New York City Mayor Ed Koch for their response. The mayor laid out his party’s platform and accused the Rockefeller Administration of neglecting workers’ needs. “You remember the president promising to give workers a tax cut that deserves this name? He even suggested to eliminate the federal income tax for low income families. And now? President Rockefeller and his Republican friends have stopped talking about it. I wonder why? Is it because the right-wing has taken hostage this party and demanded tax breaks for a small group at the top? Families like the Rockefellers?”, Koch asked. He further demanded another increase of the federal minimum wage. As a mayor, he complained about the administration’s lack of support for municipalities. He said: “The administration has shifted programs to the state level that we as a local government have to implement. Only giving problems to the states is hardly solving problems, Mr. President.” Nevertheless, Koch thanked the president for New York’s federal bailout in 1975 that saved the city from bankruptcy. Foreign policy was just briefly mentioned and Koch expressed support for the Rockefeller doctrine. He pointed out that Democrats were more reliable to back this course in congress than Republicans, pointing to the conservative wing’s differences with the Rockefeller-Nixon foreign policy agenda.

Mayor Koch is not a presidential contender for 1980. In advance, Senate Majority Leader Robert Byrd said the responder should not be a candidate because the party leadership wants to remain neutral in this process by not giving one specific contender such a platform.


Early/mid-February 1979: Islamic Revolution about to take place in Iran



Demonstrations in Teheran are a source for concern for the Rockefeller Administration

All the West’s efforts helped little to ease tension in Iran over preceding weeks. Upon his arrival in Teheran in early February, Khamenei, the hardline religious leader, declared the existing government illegal. At the same time, Iranian military leaders were paralyzed by recent developments and Khomeini called on the soldiers of the armed forces to defect to the opposition. However, at the current stage, the Rockefeller Administration was not willing to intervene in any form. According to sources within the State Department, US officials have yet to find a way to talk to Khomeini’s inner circle. On February 10, a report become public that Secretary of State Richard Nixon, concerned with ongoing street riots, has issued an order to bolster security precautions for US diplomatic facilities in Teheran. Other than this, administration officials remained relatively cautious on commenting the situation in Iran.


February 26, 1979: George McGovern says he won’t run for president again



Senator George McGovern won't run for president in 1980

South Dakota Senator and 1976 vice presidential nominee George McGovern takes himself out for consideration for the 1980 presidential contest. Once a favorite for the nomination in the previous election with strong support from liberal activists, his career took a great hit after teaming up with Ed Muskie and the crushing defeat against the Rockefeller/Ford ticket. McGovern, whose senate seat is up for election in 1980, said he will decide by the end of the year whether to seek a fourth term in the senate.

Other contenders from 1976 have already declined to run: Ed Muskie, the nominee himself, former governor and 1972 vice presidential nominee Jimmy Carter as well as Senator Scoop Jackson. 1976 contenders Lloyd Bentsen and Frank Church left the door open for another attempt to become the Democratic nominee in 1980 after RFK’s December exit left the party without an early frontrunner.


February 28, 1979: New Gallup poll

President Rockefeller job approval
Approve: 54% ▼
Disapprove: 41% ▲

[President Johnson]

March 7, 1979: Senator Walter Mondale announces presidential run



Senator Walter Mondale (D-MN) is the first major candidate to officially announce a presidential bid for the 1980 election

The first major contender for 1980 is in: Senator Walter Mondale, a Democrat from Minnesota, announced his intention to seek his party’s nomination for president. The 51 year old senator has been a member of the senate since 1964 and was a close ally of former majority leader Hubert Humphrey, who passed away last year. Mondale, a reliably liberal Democrat, made his decision to run public during an interview with CBS and held is kick-off rally on March 9, 1979, in Minnesota. “We will bring values of hardworking Minnesotans to the Oval Office”, he said during his first speech, “for me, it is honor to begin this fight to fight for American workers and work hard for peace in the balance.”

What Mondale’s chances are, is a hardly foreseeable at this moment. On the Democratic side, the 1980 presidential field is expected to be pretty wide, especially since Robert Kennedy ruled out to run. Within the next few months, several contenders are expected to jump into the battle for the White House. On the Republican side, there is no clear picture yet, though Ronald Reagan is seen as the frontrunner, with Mark Hatfield (and potentially Gerald Ford) as major competitor for the moderate wing.


March 14, 1979: Charles Goodell retires as HHS Secretary, gets replaced by Democrat


The first cabinet-level change in the second term of the Rockefeller Administration takes place in the HHS Department

By the beginning of February, Charles Goodell announced his departure from the Rockefeller Administration for private reasons. Goodell is longtime ally of the president, having served as Chief of Staff from 1974 to 1975 before after losing his senate seat, that Rockefeller appointed him to as governor following RFK’s resignation to become vice president in 1969. On February 20, President Nelson Rockefeller nominated Forest David Matthews to the post. He is a registered Democrat from Alabama. He was confirmed on March 14 with 67 to 20 votes in the senate and took office on March 14. Matthews is the second Democrat in the Rockefeller cabinet after HUD Secretary Ivan Allen, who has been there since the beginning. The president's selection of Matthews caused some outrage among conservative Republicans, of whom many votes against confirmation on the senate floor. Political observers wrote that this is a sign Nelson Rockefeller continues to push for healthcare reform.

So far, this is the only change at a cabinet level position during Nelson Rockefeller’s second term. While there have been several changes within the first four years in office, the Rockefeller Administration has seen very few changes in personnel since the president was inaugurated for a second term in January 1977.


March 29, 1979: President Rockefeller signs Infrastructure bill to invest in waterways



President Nelson Rockefeller signs the 1979 Infrastructure Bill into law

During his State of the Union Address, President Rockefeller called upon the enactment of a 3.5 billion dollar infrastructure bill to build new waterways (canals) and modernize existing infrastructure that has been worked out by a bipartisan group of House members. The proposal quickly advanced the House and was, after a month of consideration, passed by the senate with 77 votes in favor. On March 29, the president signed the new investment into law. It is the largest infrastructure bill in Nelson Rockefeller’s second term, but smaller than the far-reaching 1973 law.


March 31, 1979: New Gallup poll

President Rockefeller job approval
Approve: 54% ▬
Disapprove: 40% ▼

[President Johnson]

April 13, 1979: Mark Hatfield reportedly prepares presidential campaign



Senate Minority Leader Mark Hatfield (R-OR) is likely to jump into the presidential race within the next few months, sources close to him say

The rumors surrounding Senate Minority Leader Mark Hatfield are getting more specific: Interns of the Oregon senator and former governor revealed he is preparing a candidacy for president; scheduled to be announced at the end of summer. Accordingly, Senator Hatfield has reached out to key Republican donors and several rank-and-file strategists, many of whom worked for the successful Rockefeller campaigns of 1972 and 1976. Among them, billionaire banker David Rockefeller, the president’s younger brother.

If Mark Hatfield were to launch a presidential campaign, he would most likely become the leading contender for the moderate wing of his party and emerge as Ronald Reagan’s toughest competitor, should the former California governor enter the race (which is likely at this point). As senate minority leader, Hatfield, 56 years of age, has earned great respect across the political spectrum, whose personal integrity is out of question. This and his government credentials as governor and senator would make him a formidable candidate for the general election. But at first, he would have to win the Republican nomination against at least one darling of the conservative wing. Hatfield’s biggest asset here might be the incumbent president, who is generally popular across the country. It is widely known that he and Nelson Rockefeller have a close relationship and the fact that David Rockefeller is open to contribute to a Hatfield candidacy should give the senator confidence that he has a real shot at the nomination, despite having less charisma than Reagan. If the Republican nomination came down to a Hatfield-Reagan battle, political observers wrote, Hatfield would be the GOP establishment's preferred candidate and inherit most support from people around President Rockefeller, including key members of the administration such as Vice President Ford and Secretary Nixon.

However, if Hatfield decides to throw his hat into the ring, is fate as Republican leader could be in question. He might be forced to step down from this post while campaigning. In 1977, he narrowly defeated Howard Baker (R-TN) for this position.


April 30, 1979: Unemployment hits new low

The economic boom, referred to as the Rockefeller Boom by Republicans and some in the media, continues into the year: The April jobs report showed unemployment down to just 4.5%, which is the lowest ever reached during the 1970s. And there is more reason to be optimistic, as economist expect this trend to continue into the election year.


April 30, 1979: New Gallup poll

President Rockefeller job approval
Approve: 53% ▼
Disapprove: 42% ▲


May 6, 1979: Senate defeats healthcare law



The senate vote is a huge setback for President Rockefeller, who is strongly in favor of healthcare reform, battling with conservatives of both parties since his second term began

When the new healthcare bill, which was essentially the same as in the previous year, was put on the senate floor in early May, co-sponsors Case Clifford (R-NJ) and Albert Brewer (D-AL) were optimistic to get the bill through this time. Surprisingly, the opponents renounced a filibuster, after Senate Majority Leader Robert Byrd made clear he had the votes to end the filibuster. Last year, only Vice President Gerald Ford’s tie-breaking vote saved the measure from immediate defeat on the senate floor. Afterwards, the House voted the bill down by an extremely close tally. With a handful additional more liberal Democrats in the House now, after the 1978 midterm elections, supporters of the bill hoped to essentially repeat the 1978 vote with the few extra votes they have now in the House.

But on May 6, the bill could not even get to 50 votes: The act was voted down with 52 senators opposed. The conservatives were more than pleased with their newest win on the ongoing healthcare fight, on the other side, there was frustration. Their third attempt to expand healthcare coverage within two years failed badly. On the floor, Albert Brewer called the vote a “bitter defeat.” Majority Whip Alan Cranston called it “a disgrace we can’t even pass this bill, which is a reasonable reform proposal.” President Nelson Rockefeller himself remained silent that day, but a spokesman for the White House said the president was “deeply disappointed.” A staff member told journalists Rocky wants in to move his priorities to other challenges instead of fighting a hopeless fight.


May 10/13, 1979: Senators Mario Cuomo and Ted Kennedy are not running in 1980


Each for different reasons, neither Senator Mario Cuomo (D-NY) nor Ted Kennedy (D-MA) are running for the White House

Senator Mario Cuomo (D-NY) has quickly risen to one the leading voices of his party since being elected to the senate in 1976, just two years after winning election as lieutenant governor alongside RFK, who actively promoted his senate candidacy. With the universal healthcare bill he sponsored with Jacob Javits (R-NY) and his outspoken liberal mind, Cuomo became a national figure. Despite his brief tenure as senator, he was frequently mentioned as presidential candidate in 1980, representing a new generation of leaders. The senator himself didn’t show any interest to run, and on May 10, 1979, shut down all speculation he might seek the White House. “I am honored that my name has been mentioned, but I am happy where I am at the moment. This is a definite no”, Cuomo remarked by adding he would be open minded in the primary.

Just three days later, Senator Ted Kennedy (D-MA) also declined to run for the presidency. Months after his brother has surprisingly dropped out, Ted officially stated he was too busy with his senate work to run for the White House. However, more private sources indicate his decision is motivated by his handling of the Chappaquiddick 1969 accident, which is still questionable.

[President Johnson]

May 17, 1979

BREAKING: President Rockefeller stricken by heart attack; dies at 70!

- Shocking news: President Nelson Rockefeller suffered a fatal heart attack in his New York Office
- Nation grieves as 37th President dies at 70 years on morning of May 17
- Gerald Ford to assume presidency
- Cabinet and congressional leaders assembled in White House ahead of Ford’s swearing-in as commander-in-chief



This photograph was taken when now-President Gerald Ford was rushed into his limousine to the White House after being informed of Nelson Rockefeller's passing

Now, something that nobody expected, probably he himself the least: Gerald Rudolph Ford of Michigan was the President of the United States. Mr. Ford, 65 years of age, never sought the office he inherited under tragic circumstances. He served in the House of Representatives for 24 years, the last eight as Republican leader, before he took the call from Nelson Rockefeller in 1972 and become his vice presidential running mate. With his selection, Rockefeller picked someone with connections to the hill and who could ease the passage of legislation. Gerald Ford passed this test and proved to be a very loyal vice president, whose personal integrity is respected across the aisle. As Malcolm Wilson remarked: “I’ve closely worked with the vice president; and I can assure you that America is in good hands.”


… To be continued with Chapter 4, starting at Gerald Ford's Inauguration. Stay tuned!

[President Johnson]

Well, there goes anyone defeating Ford in 1980. Sympathy landslide!

Oh well, there is more than a year before even the nomination is settled, and this is a difficult time on the world stage. I wouldn't take that for granted

[President Johnson]

Was that poor intern pinned under him?

This will become a story in the following months

[President Johnson]

CHAPTER 4:
An unexpected call - The Presidency of Gerald R. Ford








May 17, 1979

The impromptu Inauguration of President Gerald Ford



Gerald Ford takes the oath of office as President of the United States

At 3.30 p.m. approximately 150 guests, mostly members of congress and journalists from all over the world, gathered together in the East Room of White House awaiting the arrival of Associate Justice Warren Burger, who had to step in for Chief Justice John Paul Stevens (who had a cold) and administer the oath of office to Gerald Rudolph Ford of Grand Rapids, Michigan, who became president earlier that day. Ford, accompanied by his wife Betty, entered the podium; his adult children sat in the first row among the guests, next to congressional leaders and businessman David Rockefeller, who represented the Rockefeller family after the tragic passing of his older brother.

When he arrived, Justice Burger entered the podium and spoke a few words, honoring late President Nelson Rockefeller and praising the constitutional republic, that ensured government would continue with a new leader. After his five minute remarks, Gerald Ford stood up and raised his right hand and put his left on a bible that Betty Ford held and repeated the oath.

I, Gerald R. Ford, do solemnly swear,
that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States,
and will, to the best of my ability,
preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States.
So help me God.

[Applause]




Justice Burger: Ladies and Gentlemen, the President of the United States.

President Ford: Thank you very much, Justice Burger. Distinguished guests, my fellow Americans and members of the world community:

Please let us take a moment of silence and prayer in honor of late President Nelson Rockefeller. Let us remember a man of conviction, dignity and love of country, who served this nation of ours until the final breath of his life. On behalf of the American people, Betty and myself in particular, I would like to express our deepest condolences to the Rockefeller family, which has contributed so much to America?s well-being over the decades. A family, which lost one of its finest sons today. We are with you, and we shall never forget the 37th President of the United States.

[silence]

Like all members of the Rockefeller Administration, I have been proud to serve this president and his agenda, that advanced America and the world at so many different levels. That brought peace to millions in the world and prosperity at home. Today, in this moment of sorrow and resolve, I stand here before you as someone who has never sought the presidency and its enormous responsibility. But neither will I shrink it. The nation has lost a great leader before his time, but the constitutional republic, that President Rockefeller wholeheartedly believed in, works, as it has over our proud 203 year history. I shall be a humble servant for the American people, who elected me two times as their vice president, and continue the policies of President Nelson Rockefeller. As I assume the solemn duty to serve as your president, I feel it is my first duty to make a compact with my fellow countrymen. Not an inaugural address, not a fireside chat, not a campaign speech?just a little straight talk among friends. And I intend it to be the first of many.

And even though we as a nation are on a crossroads today and we are mourning, nothing could honor the service and legacy of President Rockefeller more than to continue the work he began when you first elected him to this office. With a sense of devotion and optimism. This was President Rockefeller?s spirit, and this is the spirit of America, our America. As I assume the presidency under these extra ordinal circumstances, I ask you to join me in this effort and give me your trust, your prayers and your support. We have many challenges ahead, but only as one nation, under god, we can and will prevail. We have one common destiny, as one nation with freedom and justice for all.

To outline the specific goals of my presidency and my administration, I have already spoken with congressional leaders earlier today to give a speech before joint session of congress within the next two weeks. I am confident, that together, we will move this nation forward and renew its principles and ideals while finding pragmatic solutions that makes America a better place every single day.

With all the strength and all the good sense I have gained from life, with all the confidence my family, my friends, the dedicated cabinet and my diligent staff impart to me, and with the good will of countless Americans I have met over my six and a half years as your vice president, I now solemnly reaffirm the promise I made you over the course of my career as a public servant: to uphold the constitution, to do what is right as God gives me to see the right, and to do the very best I can for America.

I will not let you down. Thank you.


Poll: Nine in ten Americans view Ford inaugural address positive and give Rockefeller presidency high grades

The day after President Ford was inaugurated, Gallup took a quick poll. The poll found that 89% of respondents viewed Gerald Ford?s inaugural address positively, while 79% viewed him as honest and trustworthy. 71% expressed confidence that he was up to the job, only 11% expressed doubts. Likewise, the media commented on Ford?s speech. A speech, that was drafted within hours and that reassured the nation.

Gallup also polled on how Americans viewed President Nelson Rockefeller: 91% have a positive opinion of the late president and 84% said his presidency was a success, only 9% said the opposite.


President Ford keeps cabinet and declares state of national mourning

On May 18, President Gerald Ford held his first official cabinet meeting to discuss the political agenda and his upcoming address to congress. During his opening remarks, the new chief executive asked all members to remain in their respective jobs, sources say. All members agreed to stay on and have some continuity. With it, the Rockefeller Administration has now become the Ford Administration. With Ford's ascension to the presidency, the vice presidency became vacant and Gerald Ford will be the first head of state to nominate a new vice president for congressional approval under the 25th amendment within the coming weeks.


The Ford Administration
(as of May 18, 1979)



The White House cabinet room in 1979


- President: Gerald R. Ford (R-MI)
- Vice President: vacant

- Secretary of State: Richard Nixon (R-CA)
- Attorney General: Edward Brooke (R-MA)
- Secretary of Defense: Daniel J. Evans (R-WA)
- Secretary of the Treasury: Raymond P. Shafer (R-PA)
- Secretary of Commerce: George P. Shultz (R-CA)
- Secretary of the Interior: John Arthur Love (R-CO)
- Secretary of HUD: Ivan Allen Jr. (D-GA)
- Secretary of HHS: Forest David Matthews (D-AL)
- Secretary of Agriculture: Sam Steiger (R-AZ)
- Secretary of Energy: John B. Anderson (R-IL)
- Secretary of Labor: Catherine Dean May (R-WA)
- Secretary of Transportation: William T. Coleman (R-PA)
- U.N. Ambassador: William Scranton (R-PA)

- White House Chief of Staff: Malcolm Wilson (R-NY)
- National Security Advisor: Henry Kissinger (R-DC)


On the afternoon, Ford signed his first official document, declaring a state of national mourning for 30 days and ordered all flags to be lowered for the same period of time.


May 21, 1979: President Nelson Rockefeller?s state funeral



The great memorial service for late President Nelson Rockefeller in Washington DC

From the morning of May 18 to the noon of May 19, President Nelson Rockefeller?s body lay in state in the New York State Capitol in Albany, where approximately 120,000 people paid their respects to him. Governor Bobby Kennedy hosted a memorial service for Rocky, who served as governor from 1959 to 1973, before he became president. Later that day, the president?s casket lay in state in the United States Capitol in Washington DC, where thousands of visitors paid their last respects to the man who guided America through most of the 1970s. Many vistors were African Americans, who long supported Rockefeller for his commitment to civil rights.

On the morning of May 21, 1979, a great memorial service in Washington was given in Rockefeller?s honor. The main speaker was White House Chief of Staff Malcolm Wilson, a longtime personal friend of the late president. Happy Rockefeller, the former First Lady, also spoke a few words to honor her husband. Several political leaders from all over America and across the world attended the ceremony, as did actors, businesspeople, sports stars and other rank-and-file individuals. Many of the foreign heads of state also had an opportunity to meet President Gerald Ford for the first time, including Soviet Prime Minister Alexei Kosygin. Ironically, Gerald Ford himself was the only American president to attend, since he was the only living president. Before him, Nelson Rockefeller was the only living president after LBJ?s death in 1975. Other than Ford, Secretary of State Richard Nixon and New York Governor Bobby Kennedy were the only living former vice presidents. On the afternoon, a small circle of family and former colleagues, among them President Ford, were present when Rocky was put to rest at Arlington National Cemetery, where JFK is buried as well.

[President Johnson]

May 25, 1979: President Gerald Ford’s first press conference

Eight days after his assumption of the presidency, Gerald Ford gave his first press conference at the White House. A day before, he appointed his vice presidential press secretary Jerald terHorst, an old personal friend, as White House press secretary.




Reporter IV: Mr. President, you have pledged to keep the Rockefeller cabinet in place. However, the position of vice president has to be filled again. Which individuals are under consideration for this job? Or what are you looking for in a vice president? And when do you plan to make your choice public?

President Ford: I have not yet reviewed potential nominees for the vice presidency closely, even though my staff has made some suggestions and will continue to submit more names. The most important criteria is, obviously, that any individual under consideration has, should the circumstances arrive, be prepared to serve as president. We have had three vice presidents to step into the presidency since 1945, what underlines this argument. That is why I believe this is so meaningful and any selection must be made carefully.

Reporter IV: Mr. President, reportedly you met with former California Governor Ronald Reagan yesterday. Is he under consideration? Don’t you have to pick Mr. Reagan due to his standing within the Republican Party?

President Ford: Well, I indeed spoke with a number of current and former officeholders, including Governor Reagan. We have not discussed a nomination to any office, but he has been very kind and helpful, offering his support and advice. At this early stage, I do not talk about potential names considered, but my staff will keep you informed. All right, one more question.


Reporter V: Mr. President, I guess this is an inevitable question: Are you going to run for a full and elected term in 1980?

President Ford: [laughs] I will let you know at the appropriate time. But you can assume that I strongly consider to be a candidate for election to full term in 1980. For the moment, my highest priority is to run the federal government and make sure America stays on course and remains strong.

Reporter V: If you do run, do you expect to be unopposed for Republican nomination? There have been critics from within the party about the course of the Rockefeller/Ford Administration.

President Ford: If I do run, this is a question to be answered by Republicans and the Republican voters. The voters of this country are going to judge me by my record, and I am proud of this record. And I will continue to do the best I can, honest and forthrightly. Thank you all very much and have a wonderful day.



The search for a new vice president

Due to his ascension to the presidency, it was on Gerald Ford nominate a new vice president subject to confirmation by congress. He would be the first president to do so under the 25th Amendment, adopted in 1967. On May 27, 1979, the White House officially announced that a shortlist is soon being made public and President Ford scheduled to make a decision which name he will submit to lawmakers by early June.

There was wide speculation who the new president would ultimately chose to be his number two. Conservative circles among Republicans reportedly push for someone of their own to get the spot. Senator Paul Laxalt and Congressman Jack Kemp are rumored to be under consideration as is Ronald Reagan. The former California has yet not shown any interest and declined to answer question on the matter. However, he visited the White House a few days before together with a few lawmakers and spoke with President Ford. Sources from within the White House report that Ford is seeking advice from Secretary of State Richard Nixon, who once himself held the position and knows the Republican Party like almost nobody else. It is no yet clear which names Nixon recommended, but he has never been a staunch supporter of Ronald Reagan.


May 31, 1979: New Gallup poll

The tragic circumstances that made him president give Gerald Ford a honeymoon, as he enjoys a very strong approval rating in his first monthly Gallup poll.

President Ford job approval
Approve: 81%
Disapprove: 14%


Next: President Ford's shortlist for vice presidential nominees

[President Johnson]

June 1, 1979: President Ford’s special message to congress



Two weeks after becoming president, Gerald Ford speaks to lawmakers for the first time

As the turbulent month of May came to a close, President Gerald Ford appeared before a special session of congress on the first day of June. In his 35 minute speech, the new president thanked lawmakers for their support over the last two weeks since he took office. President Ford once again called for continuity and national unity. But his speech was more than just phrases, he emphasized to pass concrete policy items: a new action plan on energy to make the United States less dependent, a new healthcare initiative similar to the one failed in congress earlier this year and reform existing entitlement programs. He also repeated the call for a so-called rainy day fund: A law, that requires the federal government to spend at least a quarter of a surplus to pay down the debt. This is a suggestion President Rockefeller already made in his State of the Union Address back in February. The new chief executive also touched on foreign policy, calling for the necessity to continue détente.

Political observers pointed out that Ford’s speech contained a lot of continuity from the Rockefeller presidency, but that he was also determined to show he was his own man. For example when President Ford demanded to reform entitlement programs; an issue very important to conservatives.


Early June 1979

The official shortlist for vice presidential nominees



The Ford White House published an official shortlist of vice presidential candidates who are under consideration to be nominated for congressional confirmation under the 25th Amendment. The eventual nominee would, if approved, become the first appointed vice president in American history.

- In alphabetical order -


Howard Baker



Age: 53
Homestate: Tennessee
Experience: U.S. Senator from Tennessee since 1967
Why he is considered: Over a decade of service in the senate from a state that has trended Republican in recent years is what Howard Baker has to offer. What speaks for him is political pragmatism and a clean record that would help him to secure quick congressional approval. The biggest contra is that the senate seat he would vacate might be lost for the GOP. And he might be a little too moderate for conservative Republicans.


Robert J. Dole



Age: 55
Homestate: Kansas
Experience: U.S. Senator from Kansas since 1969, Member of the House of Representatives 1961–1969
Why he is considered: Bob Dole is in the middle of the Republican spectrum and has tried to bridge divisions within the GOP caucus in recent years. He was mostly a reliable vote for the Rockefeller Administration on a variety of issues, but has also adopted some positions closer to the conservatives. He would definitely be an acceptable selection for either faction and could help unite the party ahead of the 1980 election. Dole would be a safe but uninspiring choice.


Jack Kemp



Age: 43
Homestate: New York
Experience: Member of the House of Representatives since 1971
Why he is considered: Jack Kemp is a balance to Gerald Ford in terms of age and would strengthen the president’s standing among conservatives without picking someone like Ronald Reagan, who might overshadow the new head of state. Political observers see a political future for Kemp if he plays his cards right, but whether this has to be an appointed vice presidency is another matter. While his experience is still limited, he has reportedly a number of backers within Republican ranks.


Paul Laxalt



Age: 56
Homestate: Nevada
Experience: U.S. Senator from Nevada since 1975, Governor of Nevada 1967–1975
Why he is considered: Similar to Jack Kemp, Senator Paul Laxalt has conservative credentials and would definitely improve Gerald Ford’s position with the right wing of the GOP. In addition, Laxalt is experienced at both the federal and state level. He would be a safe nominee for both congressional approval and as Gerald Ford’s running mate in 1980, should the president decide to run. The main reason not to pick Laxalt is the risk of losing his seat in the senate, that he narrowly won in 1974.


Ronald Reagan



Age: 68
Homestate: California
Experience: Governor of California 1967–1975
Why he is considered: Ronald Reagan is the person on this list, that does both have a lot of things that speak for him and that speak against him. The biggest plus Reagan has to offer is party unity. If Ford makes him vice president, he would not just unite the GOP behind his presidency, he would also eliminate a potential primary challenge ahead of 1980. This, however, raises the question whether Reagan is seriously interested in being vice president since he was obviously planning to seek the presidency himself in 1980. Nevertheless, if Ford makes the call, the Gipper would have a hard time not picking up the phone. What speaks against Reagan is his vocal oppoition to key items of the Rockefeller/Ford agenda. In addition to ideological differences, the charismatic Reagan would certainly overshadow President Ford (what also brings up the question what role Reagan would play in the administration?). Critics also argue his nomination might face too much Democratic opposition in congress. Something the new president is probably not interested in. If President Ford runs in 1980 with Reagan as his number two, the former governor would definitely be helpful with the conservatives, but might alienate moderate voters. These former Rockefeller supporters could easily vote for the Democrat instead. A Reagan nomination might either be a great chance or a great risk for Gerald Ford. Or both.


William Ruckelshaus



Age: 46
Homestate: Indiana
Experience: Deputy Attorney General since 1977, Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency 1973–1977, Member of the Indiana House of Representatives 1966–1968
Why he is considered: William Ruckelshaus is the dark horse on the list. President Rockefeller appointed the lawyer from Indiana as first EPA Administrator in 1973 and Deputy U.S. Attorney General in 1977. These posts are usually not stepping stones for the vice presidency, however, Ruckelshaus has earned a reputation as effective manager in public service and problem solver who has developed a close relationship with both the administration and lawmakers on Capitol Hill. What doesn’t favor him is the lack of experience in elected office outside the Indiana State House and his moderate stances which would alienate conservative Republicans. But he would be an interesting selection, at least as a placeholder until the 1980 election.


William Scranton



Age: 61
Homestate: Pennsylvania
Experience: UN Ambassador since 1973, Governor of Pennsylvania 1963–1967, Member of the House of Representatives 1961–1963
Why he is considered: Since he became US Ambassador at the UN in 1973, Bill Scranton has gained political stature as he was involved in all major foreign policy decisions of the administration. An administration he successfully represented in world politics. Scranton definitely made the position of UN Ambassador a more important one than it was when he came into office. In addition, he has served as governor of a major state and as a congressman. Undeniably, Scranton would be a solid pick with experience in domestic and foreign policy who would get handily confirmed on the hill. However, he is not much of an ideological balance to President Ford, who needs the support from conservatives. And Scranton is a moderate Republican.

[President Johnson]

June 5, 1979

BREAKING: Gerald Ford nominates William Scranton to be vice president

To the Congress of the United States

Pursuant to the provisions of Section 2 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, I hereby nominate William W. Scranton of Pennsylvania to be Vice President of the United States.



The White House, Washington
June 5, 1979

President Gerald Ford introduces vice presidential selection

By June 4, President Gerald Ford has made his decision whose name he will submit to congress to be vice president. The press was invited to an official event in the White House East Room in the morning hours of June 5. White House Chief of Staff Malcolm Wilson introduced the president, who went before the microphone to address the nation.



President Ford: Ladies and Gentlemen, my fellow Americans: Welcome to the White House. This morning, I have invited you to inform the public of my decision who to nominate for the vice presidency of the United States. After careful consideration, review and personal interactions, I am glad to announce my selection of our UN Ambassador William Scranton to serve as the next vice president of the United States of America. Just about an hour ago, I have informed the congressional leadership of my selection and signed the nomination certificate. Following my talks with leaders of both parties in congress, I expect a smooth confirmation process, which is the first under the 25th Amendment in America’s history.

This is an extraordinary time. We need a vice president whose personal integrity and competence helps this administration and our great country move forward. I am more than confident that Ambassador Scranton can provide these credentials and serve our nation well. Over his career in public service, Ambassador Scranton has shown a deep commitment to service of country and has always been champion for peace, stability and freedom. He has represented the United States at its best in the UN Security Council. In addition to his international experience, he has had successful tenures as both the governor of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and I am also proud to call him a former colleague at the House of Representatives. Ladies and Gentlemen, therefore, I am happy to introduce to you the Vice President-designate William Scranton.


William Scranton sat in the first row among guests and then went on the podium after giving the president a hug.


Ambassador Scranton: Mr. President, members of the cabinet, Ladies and Gentlemen, my fellow Americans: I am deeply honored to stand before you today as the nominee for the office of vice president under the provisions 25th Amendment to the constitution of the United States. I am deeply thankful to President Ford for the enormous confidence he put in me. Mr. President, the trust you gave to me means a lot not just to myself, but also to my family and friends. I will do everything I can to be worthy of this trust. In the weeks ahead, I look forward meeting with lawmakers of both parties so that they can fulfill their constitutional duty and judge upon me, whether they believe I am qualified to serve this nation as vice president. Today, less than 24 hours after the president called me to ask whether I would be willing to serve by his side, I promise to all Americans: If the people’s representatives in congress find me worthy serving as vice president, I will do the best I can to serve you and President Ford. A man of honor and integrity, who has been called to step into the difficult task of the presidency following tragic death of President Rockefeller.

Once again, let me thank you, and the president in particular, for all the generosity and confidence. Let us together move forward and make sure, America will always be a beacon of hope and opportunity. Thank you very much.


The first congressional hearing of William Scranton is already scheduled for June 7. Circles on Capitol Hill anticipate the entire process to take no longer than a month and that a final floor votes in both chambers could take place early in July. Meanwhile, Scranton will officially remain in his capacity as UN Ambassador, providing enough time for President Ford to select a replacement.


Insiders: Reagan not picked for his demands and expected confirmation battle, Nixon urged Scranton’s selection



Ronald Reagan was believed a top contender to be nominated for the vice presidency, but some reports reveal why it didn't happen

In the aftermath of the Scranton nomination, the media tried to explain why Ronald Reagan has not been chosen for the vice presidency. As leader of the conservative wing of the Republican Party, he would have been an ideological balance to the moderate wing whose leadership Gerald Ford inherited from Nelson Rockefeller by the nature of his office. According to various sources, President Ford actively considered nominating Reagan and discussed the possibility with the former California governor. It is reported that Ford told Reagan he wanted to keep the administration in the political center; with a center-right approach in economic policy and more liberal stances on social matters as well as the continuation of the détente-policies. Ford also made it clear that while he valued the opinion of each member of the administration, that in the end, only he as president would make the final decisions. During their talks, Reagan emphasized that he would fully respect the president’s authority, but speak out on the policies he believes in. He also openly said he would like to see a shift to the right on several policies. However, the most interesting part of these entire reports is the following: When President Ford directly asked Reagan whether he wanted to be vice president, the former governor responded: “I would be willing to serve if you and the Republican Party ask me to do and some of my ideas become a priority, but it has never been my goal or my intention to be vice president for the purpose of holding this office.”



Secretary of State Richard Nixon reportedly advised President Gerald Ford against a Reagan nomination and pick William Scranton instead

An important role behind the scenes played Secretary of State Richard Nixon, who once was vice president himself under President Eisenhower. President Ford sought Nixon’s advice in the process. After learning how the discussion with Reagan went, the secretary reportedly advised his new boss against picking Reagan, whom he never liked that much. When presented the shortlist of contenders, Nixon recommended the selection of Bill Scranton, with whom he closely worked on foreign policy during the Rockefeller years. Nixon pointed to Scranton’s loyalty and his broad experience. In addition, Ford and Scranton had known each other for well over a decade, as they served in the House together.

Another factor was, reportedly, concerns over by Ford advisors and some lawmakers about the confirmation process in congress. White House Chief of Staff Malcolm Wilson and Senator James Holshouser (R-NC) warned the president that Reagan would face Democratic opposition, especially from liberals. In interview the previous day, Senator Mario Cuomo (D-NY) said a Reagan nomination would not be a good idea and he would likely vote against the Gipper. Even though it was seen as unlikely that the former governor would be voted down if nominated, his standing was expected to be weakened; and with it, the fate of Gerald Ford’s young presidency.

The big question regarding Reagan now is very simple: Will the Gipper finally give up his political ambitions or will he launch a primary challenge to President Gerald Ford? Ford’s intentions for the 1980 election are unknown yet, but he is expected to make run for a full term as president. For Reagan, who is 68 years old, it is probably the last chance, even though such a challange may seem a longshot at this point. The coming months will tell.

[President Johnson]

Mid-June, 1979: President Ford rejects calls for oil price controls amidst rising energy prices and Iran turmoil



President Gerald Ford is opposed to reinstate oil price controls

The ongoing turmoil in Iran, where Khamenei and his Mullahs seized power since the de-facto coup of January, put pressure on oil prices, which are on the rise since March. In April, President Rockefeller ordered the Commerce and Energy Departments to study the effects a possible return oil price controls. Previous price controls imposed by the Johnson Administration were ended in 1975, but President Rockefeller seriously considered reinstate them. In light of the developments on the world market and risings costs for consumers, Democratic and some moderate Republicans in congress voiced support to return to price controls. On June 16, President Ford issued a statement rejecting price controls. Instead, he wanted to use diplomatic pressure to resolve ongoing uncertainties.

Observers noted the president’s decision is a departure from Rockefeller policies towards the conservatives. The White House, however, rejected such an assessment, saying President Rockefeller had not made a final decision by the time of his death.


June 25, 1979: Malcolm Wilson retires from politics, Donald Rumsfeld to become Chief of Staff



White House Chief of Staff Malcolm Wilson leaves his post to return to private law pratice...

A major change at the White House leadership: Chief of Staff Malcolm Wilson, a close confidant of late President Nelson Rockefeller, who also served as his lieutenant governor and succeeded him as the governor’s chair, announced his retirement from politics and a return to private law practice. Wilson became Chief of Staff in the spring of 1975, months after losing his bid for a full term as New York governor to Bobby Kennedy. As chief of staff, Wilson, who was also known as “Rocky’s right handed man”, played an important role in the administration, shaping several critical decisions of his former boss. Over the last five weeks, he helped the new President Gerald Ford to set up his own White House and carefully managed the transition. Wilson’s departure is entirely voluntary, he and Ford had a good working relationship. In a public statement, the president expressed his regret: “Only with a heavy heart, I accept Mr. Wilson’s wish to return to law business. On behalf of the American people, I thank Malcolm for his service”; Gerald Ford reportedly offered Wilson to stay.



... and is replaced by Donald Rumsefeld, former congressman and U.S. Ambassador to NATO

The new chief of staff was little bit of a surprise: Donald Rumsfeld. The former congressman from Illinois (1963–1975) was, at Ford’s recommendation, appointed US Ambassador to NATO by President Rockefeller in 1975. Then-vice president Ford actually preferred another administration post in Washington for his old Capitol Hill ally, but President Rockefeller personally disliked Rumsfeld and was pleased to send him over to Brussels. He remained a confidant to the vice president during these four years. As President Ford now needs a new chief of staff and his choice is Rummy, as he is called, who returns to Washington and is in charge of the Ford White House.


June 27, 1979: Albert Brewer says No to presidential bid, seeks reelection to senate



Senator Albert Brewer will seek reelection to his seat rather than to run for president

It was not the first time this cycle Senator Albert Brewer (D-AL) has been mentioned as a potential presidential contender, who can both appeal to Southerners and liberals nationwide. In spring, he told reporters to think about a run and decide between a White House bid or seeking reelection to the senate. This decision has apparently been made now: Brewer announced he will seek reelection to a second term in the senate (he was first elected in 1974 after serving as governor from 1968 to 1975). The Alabamian left open the question who would win his primary endorsement. He has reportedly talked to Senator Lloyd Bentsen (D-TX) and former Governor Reubin Askew (D-FL) about presidential politics.


Silence on the 1980 contest since Rocky's death

Other than Brewer's announcement not to run, no serious news on the 1980 presidential campaign broke since President Rockefeller's death in May. An observer for the New York Times summarized: "Nelson Rockefeller's passing has somehow derailed the entire presidential contest for over a month." However, a bunch of Democratic hopefuls are soon expected to announce, while others may wait into the fall and asses their chances now that the situation on the Republican side has fundamentally changed. Some may even decide against running if they believe President Ford may be too tough to beat. Speaking of the president, he has yet not announced any intentions whether to run or not. He is expected to, but has reportedly not begun to prepare a campaign. It is also entirely unclear what Ronald Reagan and Mark Hatfield will do, since the GOP primary was expected to be showdown between these two. Hatfield seems less likely to enter the race at this point.


June 30, 1979: New Gallup poll

President Ford job approval
Approve: 73% ▼
Disapprove: 21% ▲

[President Johnson]

July 10/12, 1979: House and Senate overwhelmingly confirm William Scranton’s nomination as vice president



Following a month of extensive hearings, William Scranton’s unprecedented nomination as vice president moved into its final stage: On July 10, the House of Representatives voted to confirm him with 412 votes in favor and just 21 opposed. All no-votes were from Democrats, which came as a surprise since conservative Republicans were lukewarm about the Pennsylvanian.

Two days later, on July 12, the Scranton took the final hurdle in the senate: 89 senators voted for his confirmation, 10 were against. The picture here was different than in the House: Among the nay-votes are prominent Republicans such as Barry Goldwater (R-AZ), Bob Taft Jr. (R-OH) and Paul Laxalt (R-NV). Minority Whip John Tower (R-TX) was urged to vote nay, but supported the president’s nomination. Scranton also faced opposition from conservative Southern Democrats, though Majority Leader Robert Byrd (D-WV) voted for him, as did Lloyd Bentsen (D-TX), Albert Brewer (D-AL), Howell Heflin (D-AL) and Lawton Chiles (D-FL).


William Scranton sworn in as 41st Vice President of the United States



Hours after congress for the first time confirmed a vice president under the 25th Amendment, William Scranton was sworn in as 41st Vice President of the United States at a public ceremony in the White House East Room; the same location where Gerald Ford took the presidential oath on May 17. After almost two months, the United States once again has a vice president. And the first one who was appointed rather than elected to the second highest office in the country.


The new vice president gave a brief speech upon his inauguration:

Vice President Scranton: Mr. President, Mr. Chief Justice, members the cabinet, members of the press, distinguished guests, my fellow Americans: As I stand before you, I feel deep sense of gratitude. A deep sense of gratitude for the trust and confidence you have placed in me. And a deep sense of gratitude for having the opportunity to serve the country I love. I want to thank the president for his abiding trust in me, just as I want to express my deepest thanks to the members of congress, who have awarded me with their trust as well. Be assured that I will do everything I can to be worthy of this trust.

The fact that I stand before you today is a vital proof that our constitution works. It was not perfect in the beginning, and neither is it today. But with each new generation, we strive towards a better future. A little more than a decade ago, in the wake of the tragic assassination of President Kennedy, our elected officials chose to amend the constitution and allow a new vice president to be nominated and confirmed. Back then, our elected officials were aware that such tragedy would strike one day. Unfortunately, our nation has lost another great leader two months ago. But nothing honors the life and legacy of Nelson Rockefeller more than the continuation of not just his policies, but also the American system, that he so deeply believed in. I am humbled to contribute to this effort, and the effort of President Ford to keep America at peace and create more opportunities at home. If we work together, there is nothing that can stop us.

Let me once again thank you all, may god bless you and may god bless the United States of America.


President Ford nominates Congresswoman Margaret Heckler as new UN Ambassador



President Ford’s surprising choice for UN Ambassador: Representative Margaret Heckler (R-MA)

Back on June 15, President Gerald Ford stunned the public with his selection of Congresswoman Margaret Heckler of Massachusetts as new UN Ambassador to succeed William Scranton. Representative Heckler, 48 years of age, has no previous experience in diplomatic service, but was heavily involved with foreign policy issues during her 12 year congressional tenure. Over the past six years, she has been a reliable backer of the Rockefeller doctrine and supported the administration on every major issue. She is generally considered a Rockefeller Republican.

Ms. Heckler was confirmed by the senate on July 13 with 79 aye-votes and sworn in the same day. The oath of office was administered by Vice President William Scranton on his first full day in office. The vice president, whose place she took at the UN, remarked she was an excellent choice. Ms. Heckler is the second woman in a cabinet-level position after Labor Secretary Catherine Dean May. During his presidency, Nelson Rockefeller made women's issues a priority and appointed an unprecedented number of women to other administration jobs, diplomatic posts and to federal courts. President Gerald Ford has been a staunch backer of these policies and pledged to continue them.


The Ford Administration
(as of July 13, 1979)

- President: Gerald R. Ford (R-MI)
- Vice President: William Scranton (R-PA)

- Secretary of State: Richard Nixon (R-CA)
- Attorney General: Edward Brooke (R-MA)
- Secretary of Defense: Daniel J. Evans (R-WA)
- Secretary of the Treasury: Raymond P. Shafer (R-PA)
- Secretary of Commerce: George P. Shultz (R-CA)
- Secretary of the Interior: John Arthur Love (R-CO)
- Secretary of HUD: Ivan Allen Jr. (D-GA)
- Secretary of HHS: Forest David Matthews (D-AL)
- Secretary of Agriculture: Sam Steiger (R-AZ)
- Secretary of Energy: John B. Anderson (R-IL)
- Secretary of Labor: Catherine Dean May (R-WA)
- Secretary of Transportation: William T. Coleman (R-PA)
- U.N. Ambassador: Margaret Heckler (R-MA)

- White House Chief of Staff: Donald Rumsfeld (R-IL)
- National Security Advisor: Henry Kissinger (R-DC)


July 21, 1979: Reubin Askew launches presidential campaign



Former Florida Governor Reubin Askew has jumped into the presidential race as he announced his intention to seek the Democratic nomination

The second major candidate for president on the Democratic side is in: Former Florida Governor Reubin Askew officially launched his bid for the White House in Tampa, Florida. In his announcement speech, the 50 year old former governor said he wanted to provide new leadership for America to ensure the 1980s become a decade of justice, prosperity and peace, where the common man is at the center of the federal government’s priorities. Mr. Askew has had an impressive political career so far: He became governor of a large state at 42 and served two terms from 1971 to 1979. He was a very popular chief executive and promoted civil rights, representing the “new South”. Political observers rate him as one of the leading candidates who can both win the South and gain support among liberals and moderates nationwide. Askew’s path to the nomination is definitely through a strong showing the South, though his success in this region may be threatened if more high-profile Southerners get into the race such as Lloyd Bentsen. However, rank and file Florida politicians are definitely behind Askew: Governor Bob Graham, his successor, and Senator Lawton Chiles immediately endorsed their fellow Floridian.


July 31, 1979: New Gallup poll

President Ford job approval
Approve: 68% ▼
Disapprove: 25% ▲

[President Johnson]

Finally caught up. RIP Rocky, you were a great President From the direction Ford is going, he's gonna be tolerable but not enough to support a Republican, so I'm likely to support a Democrat in 1980. I really wonder what'll happen- if Dems lose to Ford, they might be in the wild for 16 years until they finally win it back, and even 1988 is not certain.

In any scenario, Ford running and winning twice, in 1980 and 1984, would be unlikely. Even though the 22nd Amendment doesn't restrict him. Keep in mind that he already turned 66 in 1979 (but is still younger than Reagan).

What do the primary polls for both parties look like as of July 1979?

The next update will consist primary polls

[President Johnson]

August 3, 1979: President Ford signs Debt Reduction Act into law to pay down federal debt



President Gerald Ford signs the Debt Reduction Act of 1979 into law

The first major legislation to reach Gerald Ford’s desk as president: The Debt Reduction Act was passed by both chambers of congress with solid majorities and subsequently signed into law. The bill was first proposed by late President Nelson Rockefeller in his February 1979 State of the Union Address. First it seemed to have trouble winning enough support, but President Gerald Ford immediately pushed successfully for its passage after taking office. The law requires the federal government to spend at least 25% of a surplus into debt reduction. Since the federal budget had a surplus last year, there was debate on how to spend the money. Several Democrats wanted to put these dollars into social programs and education while conservative Republicans called for an additional tax cut. However, the administration wanted to prioritize paying down the debt and President Ford and Treasury Secretary Shafer were able to put together a coalition of moderates to gain support for the bill. To attract some liberal support, the Ford Administration agreed to increase spending on federal aid to education and some environmental programs set up by the Johnson and Rockefeller Administrations. A group of right-leaning lawmakers within GOP ranks criticized the agreement and President Ford’s refusal to pass another tax break.


August 15, 1979: Jerry Brown to seek Democratic presidential nomination



California Governor Jerry Brown is ready to enter the presidential race

It’s been rumored for a while, now it is official: California Governor Jerry Brown has declared his candidacy for president. Brown has only turned 41 earlier this year, but the Democrat is already in his second gubernatorial term, leading America’s most populous state. He is the son of former governor and current Supreme Court Judge Pat Brown and succeeded Ronald Reagan in 1975. Handily reelected in 1978, he enjoys solid support in California, a state that will bring a lot of weight to the nomination process and the general election. Even if Governor Brown doesn’t succeed, he may end up as the kingmaker. In his announcement speech, Brown said his priorities as president would be worker’s rights, environmental protection, civil service reform and international denuclearization. Interestingly, Brown as an advocate of fiscal solvency, praised the Debt Reduction Act recently signed by President Ford and attacked conservative Republicans.


August 17, 1979: Mark Hatfield says he won’t run against President Ford, Reagan refuses to give pledge



Senator Mark Hatfield days he won't run against President Ford in 1980

For the first time since Rocky’s death, Senate Minority Leader Mark Hatfield has addressed his plans for the 1980 election. In an interview on August 17, he made it clear that he won’t challenge President Gerald Ford should he [Ford] chose to run. “Look, I highly respect the president, and if he decides to get in, he will support him”, the Oregon senator said. Political observers noted this is a strong indicator Ford will soon announce his plans. The president is expected to seek election to a full term.

Hatfield’s announcement put some pressure on Ronald Reagan, who refused to comment on his plans for months now. When asked, the former governor declined to give a pledge whether to challenge his party’s incumbent. Sources from within the Reagan orbit tell various newspapers the chance is 50/50 at this point. A few journalists note that Reagan may run or threaten to run in order to pressure Ford to adopt a more conservative Republican platform. Others note Reagan really wants to be president himself and the 1980 election is most likely, at then 69 years, his last chance to get elected.


August 24, 1979: President Ford sends warnings to Iranian regime following oppressions against opposition



In light of recent events in Iran, President Gerald Ford issued a clear warning to the regime in Teheran

In recent months, the Iranian regime, which came into power in January, seized more and power and begun to heavily oppress the opposition and free media. Secretary of State Richard Nixon has repeatedly expressed dissatisfaction with the situation. Now, President Gerald Ford for the first time publically addressed the matter and warned the regime. “If there are ongoing oppressions, murder of political opponents, torture and religious fanaticism, that threatens not just the safety of foreign citizens in Iran, but also the global stability, the United States won’t stand by and take no action. At a certain point, there is a price that has to be paid”, the commander-in-chief warned the regime in Teheran. He left open what exact consequences might follow, but a press report revealed Ford instructed the State Department to prepare a list of potential sanctions. Iranian officals gave a harsh response and accussed Ford of interfering in domestic affairs.


August 31, 1979: New Gallup polls, including for 1980

President Ford job approval
Approve: 65% ▼
Disapprove: 28% ▲


1980 Republican Party presidential nomination

President Gerald Ford: 53%
Former Governor Ronald Reagan: 34%
Senator Howard Baker: 3%
Representative Jack Kemp: 1%
Senator Paul Laxalt: 1%
Someone else/undecided: 8%


1980 Democratic Party presidential nomination

Senator Lloyd Bentsen: 22%
Governor Reubin Askew: 20%
Governor Jerry Brown: 9%
Senator Walter Mondale: 5%
Senator Wendell Ford: 4%
Senator Alan Cranston: 3%
Senator Frank Church: 3%
Senator John Glenn: 3%
Senator Gary Hart: 2%
Governor Jere Beasley: 2%
Senator Birch Bayh: 2%
Someone else/undecided: 24%


1980 General election match-ups

(Only candidates or potential candidates polling over 5% in their respective primaries)


Gerald Ford (R, inc.): 51%
Lloyd Bentsen (D): 43%

Gerald Ford (R, inc.): 51%
Reubin Askew (D): 43%

Gerald Ford (R, inc.): 53%
Jerry Brown (D): 42%

Gerald Ford (R, inc.): 53%
Walter Mondale (D): 42%


Ronald Reagan (R): 49%
Lloyd Bentsen (D): 45%

Ronald Reagan (R): 47%
Reubin Askew (D): 47%

Ronald Reagan (R): 49%
Jerry Brown (D): 44%

Ronald Reagan (R): 51%
Walter Mondale (D): 43%

[President Johnson]

September 2, 1979: It’s official – President Ford runs in the 1980 election



President Gerald Ford officially declared his bid to run for a full term in office. His campaign is centered at his non-partisan image and achievements of the past years.

At a public event in his hometown of Grand Rapids, Michigan, President Gerald Ford has announced his anticipated decision to run for a full four year term in 1980 presidential election. The president was expected to announce his candidacy over most recent weeks. President Ford said he wanted be a champion for unity, good government and peace and in the world. “In this cause, I believe I can best represent my party and the nation as whole”, the president remarked, “We must continue to work for freedom, prosperity and decency. And that is what I intend to do as your servant.” His speech and sources from behind the scenes make it clear that Ford will mainly campaign as someone above parties who stands for a center-right economic and fiscal agenda and more liberal stances in social issues with a strong commitment to internationalist foreign policy. The Ford campaign is also expected to be centered on the president’s personal integrity and his moderate political program. Observers don’t expect him to make personal attacks on opponents.

As of September, it is still unclear whether President Ford will be challenged for the Republican nomination. He definitely starts as the frontrunner at this point and the only one who could theoretically give him a run is former California Governor Ronald Reagan, who has not yet decided whether to jump into the race. Should President Ford’s popularity among the electorate as a whole remain stable, political observers give him a very good chance to win the general election. Another open question is who will be his running mate, though Vice President William Scranton is expected to be in that spot.


September 10, 1979: Allegations late President Rockefeller might have met woman before death surface



Who was really with President Nelson Rockefeller when he died? Here pictured with his wife Happy the year before suffered a fatal heart attack

Who was with President Nelson Rockefeller when he died of a heart attack on that faithful May the 17th? A Secret Service Agent at his private New York office. So much for the official version. A new report from within the Rockefeller staff that come out reveals this might not be what exactly happened. According to these sources, a 25 year old secretary who worked for the president in New York was with him that day. It is widely believed they might had an intimate relationship. After President Rockefeller suffered the heart attack, the secretary called a Secret Service Agent who was in front of the office. Afterwards, the Secret Service Agent issues an immediate emergency call.

What is extraordinary is the fact that only a summary of the circumstances of President Rockefeller’s death was released, including an autopsy that confirmed his death was natural. The same source from within the Rockefeller staff claims that President Gerald Ford restricted parts of the summary at the wish of former First Lady Happy Rockefeller. Accordingly, Ford wanted to protect the privacy of the Rockefellers. A spokesman for the White House declined the comment the story and urged the public to respect the late president’s privacy.


September 29, 1979: John Glenn enters presidential contest



Senator John Glenn (D-OH) wants to be his party's nominee, too.

The next Democrat, who expressed interest in a run, made his plans public: Senator John Glenn of Ohio has jumped into the presidential race. The former astronaut, who became senator in 1974, is considered a centrist Democrat with a track record of working across the aisle in congress. He frequently voted for substantial parts of the Rockefeller agenda in recent years. In his announcement, Glenn stressed bipartisanship and pragmatic governance from the political center. “Neither the hard-right, nor the staunch left will change America for the good”, he told supporters. Despite having a devoted base of support among Ohio Democrats, Glenn’s path to the nomination is a longshot (even though this could change rapidly). A big advantage for Glenn is his homestate of Ohio, which is a crucial one in the general election. This makes may put him high on the vice presidential shortlist shouldn’t he win the nomination himself.


September 30, 1979: New Gallup poll

President Ford job approval
Approve: 63% ▼
Disapprove: 31% ▲

[President Johnson]

ASKEW/GLENN ‘80

This would have been a pretty strong ticket regardless of this TL.